scholarly journals The absorption of slow cathode rays in various gases

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (772) ◽  
pp. 624-639 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Electron Current ◽  
Incoming Electron ◽  
Ionisation Chamber ◽  
Current Electron ◽  
The Subject

Recently a method has been developed whereby the total ionisation due to the absorption of slow cathode rays may be directly measured. The application of this method to measurements of the total ionisation in air was the subject of a previous paper. The present paper concerns its application to helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. A beam of electrons, all having the same initial energy, was introduced into an ionisation chamber containing gas at a given pressure. The incoming electron current and the ionisation current due to the passage of the electrons through the chamber were measured. The ratio ionisation current/electron current determined the average ionisation per electron. A detailed description of apparatus and procedure has been given previously. There follows a statement of the purity of gases used in the ionisation measurements.

An electrical analyzer for carbon dioxide in respiratory gases

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Leon Bernstein ◽  
Chiyoshi Yoshimoto
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Rebreathing Method ◽  
Mixed Venous

The analyzer described was de signed for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the bag of gas from which the subject rebreathes in the “rebreathing method” for estimating the tension of carbon dioxide in mixed venous blood. Its merits are that it is cheap, robust, simple to construct and to service, easy to operate, and accurate when used by untrained operators. (Medical students, unacquainted with the instrument, and working with written instructions only, obtained at their first attempt results accurate to within ±0.36% [sd] of carbon dioxide.) The instrument is suitable for use by nurse or physician at the bedside, and also for classes in experimental physiology. Some discussion is presented of the theoretical principles underlying the design of analyzers employing thermal conductivity cells. Submitted on July 13, 1961

scholarly journals The action of anæsthetics on living tissues. Part I.— The action on isolated nerve

1906 ◽  
Vol 77 (517) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
General Question ◽  
Nerve Action ◽  
Physical Action ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Living Tissues

The action of anaesthetics on isolated nerve has already been studied by Waller* as regards the effect on the negative variation in the sciatic of the frog, and by myself in mammalian nerves.f In the course of these researches it became evident that the anaesthetics used (chloroform, ether, carbon dioxide) affected not only the negative variation, but also the injury current, and as this action has not been studied before, as far as I am aware, it seemed desirable to investigate the matter not only in nerve, but also in other tissues. The inquiry falls naturally under two heads: first, in how far the phenomena throw light on the processes of nerve action ; and, secondly, as regards the chemical and physical action of anaesthetics on the animal protoplasm generally. These are obviously only parts of the same story, but for convenience I have considered the subject mainly under the first heading in this part, leaving the more general question to a future occasion.

Perplejidad ante el almacenamiento geológico del dióxido de carbono

2014 ◽  
pp. 225-245
Author(s):  
José Francisco ALENZA GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Geological Storage ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Subject

LABURPENA: Teknologiak aurrera egin ahala ingurumenean sortzen diren arriskuen kudeaketa juridikoa erronka zaila izaten da legegilearentzat. Ikusi besterik ez dago zer ahultasun dituen karbono dioxidoaren biltegiratze geologikoari buruzko abenduaren 29ko 40/2010 Legeak, arlo horretako arautegi nagusia denak. Lan honetan, ahultasun horietako batzuk lantzen dira: adibidez, gaiari buruzko berariazko lege bat egin beharra, eskumenen arazoa, instalazio igorle handiek CO2 biltegiratzeko obligaziorik ez izatea, eta Administrazio publikoei erantzukizuna transferitzearen erregulazioa. RESUMEN: Los retos juridicos de la gestion de los riesgos ambientales derivados del avance tecnologico no siempre encuentran una adecuada respuesta por el legislador. Una buena muestra de ello son las inconsistencias que presenta la regulacion del almacenamiento geologico del dioxido de carbono en nuestro pais llevada a cabo, fundamentalmente, por la Ley 40/2010, de 29 de diciembre, de almacenamiento geologico de dioxido de carbono. En este trabajo se analizan alguna de ellas como la necesidad de elaborar una ley especifica sobre la materia, la controvertida cuestion competencial, la ausencia de imposicion obligatoria del almacenamiento de CO2 a las grandes instalaciones emisoras y la regulacion de la transferencia de responsabilidad a las Administraciones publicas. ABSTRACT: The legal challenges of the enviromental risks management that derive from the technological progress do not always find a suitable answer in the legislator. A good example of it are the inconsistencies in the regulation of the geological storage of carbon dioxide in our country, specialy, by Act 40/2010 of December 29th of geological storage of carbon dioxide. In this work some of those are analyzed as for example the need to draft a specific act on the subject, the controversial issue of competences, the lack of a compulsory imposition to store CO2 to the large emitting facilities and the regulation of the transfer of liabilities to the public administrations.

Inspiratory Speech as a Management Option for Spastic Dysphonia

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Harrison ◽  
Richard H. Troughear ◽  
Pamela J. Davis ◽  
Alison L. Winkworth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control ◽  
Laryngeal Resistance

A case study is reported of a subject who has used inspiratory speech (IS) for 6 years as a means of overcoming the communication problems of long-standing adductor spastic dysphonia (ASD). The subject was studied to confirm his use of IS, determine the mechanisms of its production, investigate its effects on ventilatory gas exchange, and confirm that it was perceptually preferable to ASD expiratory speech (ES). Results showed that the production and control of a high laryngeal resistance to airflow were necessary for usable IS. Voice quality was quantitatively and perceptually poor; however, the improved fluency and absence of phonatory spasm made IS the preferred speaking mode for both the listener and the speaker. Transcutaneous measurements of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the subject's blood were made during extended speaking periods. These measurements indicated that ventilation was unchanged during IS, and that ventilation during ES was similar to the “hyperventilation” state of normal speakers. The reasons for the absence of phonatory spasm during IS are discussed, and the possibility of its use as a noninvasive management option for other ASD sufferers is addressed.

Respiratory compensation point

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
William J.M. Kinnear ◽  
James H. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Respiratory Compensation Point ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Respiratory Compensation ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Maximal Effort

This chapter describes how acidaemia stimulates ventilation in the later stages of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). This happens after the anaerobic threshold, once the capacity of the blood to buffer lactic acid has been used up. The respiratory compensation point (RCP) can be identified from an increase in the slope when minute ventilation (VE) is plotted against carbon dioxide output (VCO2), or from a rise in the ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide (VeqCO2). The presence of a clear RCP indicates that the subject has made a fairly maximal effort during the CPET. An RCP also argues against significant lung disease, since it implies the ability to increase ventilation in response to acidaemia.

scholarly journals Secondary electronic emissions from metal foils and animal tissues

1930 ◽  
Vol 130 (812) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Metal Foils ◽  
Ionisation Chamber ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Living Tissues

The measurement of penetrating X-and γ-rays by means of an ionisation chamber has been the subject of a large number of experimental and theoretical investigation, but still presents interesting problems. The ionisation current observed in any given case depends (among other factors) upon the material of which the ionisation chamber is constructed, and entirely fallacious estimates of the relative intensities of beams X-and γ-rays of different wave-lengths may be obtained, unless the infulence of this factor be kept in mind. The experiments described below are concerned with the relative sensitivity of small ionisation chambers lined with various metal foils and animal tissues, when irradiated by beams of X-and γ-rays of different mean wave-lengths. Animal tissues were inclued among the materials of which chambers have been constructed, since the results of X-ray measurements with such chambers are of importance in the consideration of the question of relative sensitivity of living tissues to various penetrating radiations. The ionisation current observed in small closed ionisation chambers (volume 1 c. c. approximately) filled with air at atmospheric pressure is due to ionisation produced in the air itself by the primary radiation and also to secondary effects due to β-radiation produced in the walls of the chamber. The latter appears of relatively greater importance in small chambers, until with chambers of the order of size contemplated, the primary effect becomes negligible for walls composed of heavy elements, and the ionisation current is almost entirely determined by the secondary elecronic emission from the wall. In view of the complexity of the effects occuring in such a chamber we cannot hope at the moment to construct an adequate theoretical treatment, but many proceed to discuss the problem as below, in the hope of obtaining at least qualitative agreement with the observations.

scholarly journals Further Observations on the Fungicidal Action of Bordeaux Mixtures

1914 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-232
Author(s):  
B. T. P. Barker ◽  
C. T. Gimingam
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Copper Compound ◽  
Fungicidal Action ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Solvent Action

In earlier papers (this Journal, vol. IV. pp. 69 and 76) we have detailed the experimental evidence which led us to conclude (1) that the view as to the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixtures favoured by Pickering, viz. the liberation of copper sulphate by atmospheric carbon dioxide, is untenable; and (2) that contact between the fungus and the copper compound present in the mixture will account largely for its efficiency owing to a solvent action on the part of the organism under certain conditions. Pickering (this Journal, V. p. 273) has criticised our general conclusions and the deductions which we have drawn from certain of our experiments; and therefore before describing our further work on the subject, a brief reference to some of the points which he has raised is desirable.

scholarly journals I. The expansion of argon and of helium as compared with that of air and hydrogen

1896 ◽  
Vol 59 (353-358) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Gases

Accurate comparisons of temperatures, as read with the aid of thermometers filled with different gases, have not often been made. The history of the subject may be said to have begun with the classical researches of Regnault. Of recent work of this kind, that of Chappuis was performed entirely at temperatures below 100°, the gases employed being hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The experiments of Grunmach and Pernet were also conducted at temperatures below 100°. Crafts has compared the readings of a number of mercury thermometers with those obtained by Regnault and by himself with a hydrogen thermometer.

scholarly journals On the supposed presence of carbon monoxide in normal blood and in the blood of animals anœsthetised with chloroform

1909 ◽  
Vol 81 (551) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Forthcoming Paper ◽  
Exact Method ◽  
Blood Pump ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Dark Blood ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Residual Gas

While engaged in the study of the gases of the blood during the various stages of anæsthesia by chloroform, we found after absorption of the carbon dioxide and oxygen extracted by the blood pump an amount of residual gas far in excess of any amount that could be regarded as nitrogen remainder plus leak of apparatus. We have found as the result of many experiments, carried out to determine this particular point, that practically all the chloroform present in the blood of anæsthetised animals come off with the gases of the blood when these are extracted at 40° C., so that the excessive residual gas is in large part chloroform vapour, or its decompositon products. The exact method of procedure of analysis of these gases and the effects of the presence of this chloroform on the methods of analysis will form the subject of a forthcoming paper, but we quote the following experiments to show what percentages of chloroform may be present: Cat, weight 3 kilos.; chloroformed for one hour with an air-chloroform mixture 2—3 per cent., 54 c. c. of dark blood withdrawn from carotid artery.

scholarly journals Regeneration of Adsorbents by the Use of Liquid, Subcritical and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Grajek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activation Energy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Desorption Temperature ◽  
Desorption Efficiency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

The literature concerning the adsorption and desorption of environmental impurities from adsorbents by means of liquid, subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide and the author's work on the subject have been reviewed. The influence of the adsorption and desorption temperature, the pressure and the density of the extraction solvent, the solubility of the adsorbate in the extraction solvent, the activation energy for adsorbate desorption and the particle size of the adsorbent on the adsorbate desorption efficiency by this method were discussed.

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