Study of solar radiation at high altitudes using rocket-borne instruments

1956 ◽  
Vol 236 (1205) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Grating Spectrometer ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

After the capture of a number of German V 2’ s in 1946 the study of the solar spectrum beyond 2900 Å first became possible. The V 2 was a ballistic rocket with a range of 180 miles, and when used as a research instrument was capable of carrying a load of 1 ton well into the ionosphere. Although, in this role, it was uneconomic and has now been superseded, it played an important part in demonstrating the value of this means of research. The Aerobee, developed largely because of the success of the V 2 experiments, has replaced it and has attained a high degree of reliability and an altitude performance better than the V 2. Its pay-load of 150 lb. is adequate to enable it to carry a complete 40 cm grating spectrometer mounted on a biaxial sun-seeker. Among the earliest instruments to be carried into the upper atmosphere as part of the American rocket research program were grating spectrographs operating in the ultra-violet region. On 10 October 1946, the first successful flight of this kind was made when a V 2 obtained a, now historic, spectrogram demonstrating the effect of absorption by ozone. Since that time more than forty flights have been made by rockets carrying a wide variety of instruments for the study of the solar spectrum. This paper will describe briefly the types of instrument used and will summarize the principal data obtained.

scholarly journals On the action of ultra-violet sunlight upon the upper atmosphere

1937 ◽  
Vol 160 (901) ◽  
pp. 155-173 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Magnetic Storms ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Polar Aurora ◽  
Night Sky ◽  
Photochemical Action

The ordinary solar spectrum extends, as is well known, to about λ2913, the more ultra-violet parts being cut off by ozone absorption in the upper atmosphere. We have thus no direct knowledge of the distribution of intensity in the solar spectrum beyond λ2913, as it will appear to an observer situated outside the atmosphere of the earth. But it is now recognized that a number of physical phenomena is directly caused by the photochemical action of this part of sunlight on the constituents of the upper atmosphere. Such phenomena are (1) the luminous spectrum of the night sky and of the sunlit aurora, (2) the ionization in the E, F and other layers which is now being intensely studied by radio-researchers all over the world, (3) the formation and equilibrium of ozone (see Ladenburg 1935), (4) magnetic storms and generally the electrical state of the atmosphere. Formerly it was a debatable point whether some of these phenomena were not to be ascribed to the action of streams of charged particles emanating from the sun. There seems to be no doubt that the polar aurora and certain classes of magnetic storms are to be ascribed to the bombardment of molecules of N 2 and O 2 by such charged particles, for these phenomena show a period which is identical with the eleven year period of the sun, and are found in greater abundance, the nearer we approach the magnetic poles. But there now exists no doubt that the ionization observed by means of radio-methods in the E and F 1 regions, their variation throughout day and night, and at different seasons is due to the action of ultra-violet sunlight. This was decisively proved by observations during several total solar eclipses since 1932 (Appleton and Chapman 1935). The luminous night-sky spectrum, though it has certain points of similarity to the polar aurora, is on the whole widely different, and is found on nights free from electrical disturbances. The prevailing opinion is that it is mainly due to the ultra-violet solar rays, i. e. in the course of the day sunlight is stored up by absorption by the molecules in the upper atmosphere, and again given up during the night, in one or several steps, as a fluorescence spectrum. According to S. Chapman (1930) the formation of the ozone layer and its equilibrium under different seasonal conditions is also to be mainly ascribed to the action of ultra-violet sunlight. In the following paper an attempt will be made to discuss some of these questions in as rigorous a way as is possible with our present knowledge. It is evident that an adequate discussion is possible only if we have a good knowledge of (1) the distribution of intensity in the solar spectrum beyond λ2900, (2) the photochemical action of light of shorter wave-length than λ2900 on the constituent molecules of the upper atmosphere, which are mainly oxygen and nitrogen. We shall first consider (1).

scholarly journals Commission 12. (Solar Radiation and Solar Spectroscopy.)

1936 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 295-296
Author(s):  
Abetti ◽  
M. Minnaert
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Infra Red

The Chairman referred with sorrow to the loss of Dr St John, the former President of the Commission, who died a few months before the meeting.Solar radiation. The President suggested and Prof. Chapman agreed that it would be interesting to make investigations at high altitudes, especially at wave-lengths of about 2100 A.Solar Spectroscopy. Prof. Russell said that the publication of new tables of the infra red solar spectrum would be delayed by the illnesses of Miss Moore and of Dr Babcock.

scholarly journals Measurements of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation and its absorption in the earth’s atmosphere

1923 ◽  
Vol 104 (725) ◽  
pp. 252-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Stray Light ◽  
Solar Constant ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Ultra Violet Radiation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Violet Radiation

1. It is now well known that a connection exists between the variations in solar phenomena and changes in terrestrial weather. Thus the occurrence of an eleven-year cycle in the earth’s temperature, rainfall, etc., which is coincident with the eleven-year period of sunspots has long been recognised. More recently a marked connection has been found between the irregular short -period variations also. In this connection the work of H. H. Clayton, of the Argentine Meteorological Service, may be particularly mentioned. He has found that a very definite connection exists between the variations of the “solar constant,” as measured by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Department, and the temperature and rainfall some few days later in South America. The causes which lead to this connection are at present not known, though various theories have been proposed. For example, it has been suggested that the short wave-length radiation from the sun will produce ozone from oxygen in the upper atmosphere, and owing to the absorption bands of ozone both in the infra-red and ultra-violet, a change in the amount of this gas might change the radiation equilibrium temperature of the upper atmosphere, and so affect the pressure and temperature of the air below. The measurements of ultra-violet radiation made during “solar constant” determinations by the Smithsonian Institute are very uncertain, owing to the relatively small energy in this part of the solar spectrum, and the large errors due to stray light in the spectrometer. Since the measurements here described were started, Fabry and Buisson have published measurements of the amount of ozone in the atmosphere—measured spectroscopically—but only for about a dozen days.

scholarly journals Thermal radiation and absorption in the upper atmosphere

1937 ◽  
Vol 163 (913) ◽  
pp. 228-249 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

In a recent paper, Martyn and Pulley (1936), from a study of radio and other observations, reached certain conclusions regarding the temperatures and constituents of the upper atmosphere. It is one of the objects of the present paper to examine whether the temperatures found by these authors are compatible with their assumption that solar radiation is the causal agency. Much the greatest part of the solar radiation absorbed in the earth’s atmosphere is in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum, and there is little doubt that this radiation is responsible for most of the ionization, excitation and dissociation known to exist in the gases of the high atmosphere. There is also little doubt that most of the energy so absorbed must be speedily degraded into thermal energy of molecular agitation.

A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
P.R. Swann ◽  
A.E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Habit Plane ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD DENGAN PENDEKATAN RME UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IX SMP MUHAMMADIYAH PADANG LUAS KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Zainur Zainur
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of grade IX SMP Muhammadiyah Padang LuasKecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. This study aims to improve learning outcomes in mathematicslearning through STAD type cooperative learning with the RME approach in class IX SMP MuhammadiyahPadang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. The subjects of this study were all classes IX in SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar totaling 26 people. The form ofresearch is classroom action research. This research instrument consists of performance instruments and datacollection instruments in the form of teacher activity observation sheets and activities. The results of the studystated that there were significant differences between students' mathematics learning outcomes before applyingthe STAD type cooperative learning model with the RME approach with after applying the STAD typecooperative learning model with the RME approach. The difference shows student learning outcomes after theaction is better than before the action with completeness reaching 80.77% or 21 completed. Based on the resultsof the study and discussion it can be concluded that the application of STAD type learning model with RealisticMathematic Education (RME) approach can improve the learning outcomes of grade IX students of SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar on statistical material.

scholarly journals Advertising Media Impact in Consumer Buying Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Ashmita Dahal Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Buying Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Advertisements have been used for many years to influence the buying behaviors of the consumers. Advertisements are helpful in creating the awareness and perception among the customers of a product. This particular research was conducted on the 100 young male and female who use different brands of product to check the influence of advertisement on their buying behavior while creating the awareness and building the perceptions. Correlation, regression and other statistical tools were used to identify the relationship between these variables. The results revealed that the relationship between media and consumer behavior is positive. The adve1tising impact on sales and there is positive and high degree relationship between advertising and consumer behavior. The impact on advertising of a product of electronic media is better than non-electronic media.

scholarly journals Solar Extreme and Far Ultraviolet Radiation Modeling for Aeronomic Calculations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1454
Author(s):  
Anatoliy A. Nusinov ◽  
Tamara V. Kazachevskaya ◽  
Valeriya V. Katyushina
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Far Ultraviolet ◽  
Radiation Modeling

Modeling the upper atmosphere and ionospheres on the basis of a mathematical description of physical processes requires knowledge of ultraviolet radiation fluxes from the Sun as an integral part of the model. Aeronomic models of variations in the radiation flux in the region of extreme (EUV) and far (FUV) radiation, based mainly on the data of the last TIMED mission measurements of the solar spectrum, are proposed. The EUVT model describes variations in the 5–105 nm spectral region, which are responsible for the ionization of the main components of the earth’s atmosphere. The FUVT model describes the flux changes in the 115–242 nm region, which determines heating of the upper atmosphere and the dissociation of molecular oxygen. Both models use the intensity of the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line as an input parameter, which can currently be considered as one of the main indices of solar activity and can be measured with relatively simpler photometers. A comparison of the results of model calculations with observations shows that the model error does not exceed 1–2% for the FUVT model, and 5.5% for EUVT, which is sufficient for calculating the parameters of the ionosphere and thermosphere.

scholarly journals Thermal comfort in winter incorporating solar radiation effects at high altitudes and performance of improved passive solar design—Case of Lhasa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingjiang Huang ◽  
Jian Kang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Environment Control ◽  
Passive Solar

AbstractThe solar incidence on an indoor environment and its occupants has significant impacts on indoor thermal comfort. It can bring favorable passive solar heating and can result in undesired overheating (even in winter). This problem becomes more critical for high altitudes with high intensity of solar irradiance, while received limited attention. In this study, we explored the specific overheating and rising thermal discomfort in winter in Lhasa as a typical location of a cold climate at high altitudes. First, we evaluated the thermal comfort incorporating solar radiation effect in winter by field measurements. Subsequently, we investigated local occupant adaptive responses (considering the impact of direct solar irradiance). This was followed by a simulation study of assessment of annual based thermal comfort and the effect on energy-saving potential by current solar adjustment. Finally, we discussed winter shading design for high altitudes for both solar shading and passive solar use at high altitudes, and evaluated thermal mass shading with solar louvers in terms of indoor environment control. The results reveal that considerable indoor overheating occurs during the whole winter season instead of summer in Lhasa, with over two-thirds of daytime beyond the comfort range. Further, various adaptive behaviors are adopted by occupants in response to overheating due to the solar radiation. Moreover, it is found that the energy-saving potential might be overestimated by 1.9 times with current window to wall ratio requirements in local design standards and building codes due to the thermal adaption by drawing curtains. The developed thermal mass shading is efficient in achieving an improved indoor thermal environment by reducing overheating time to an average of 62.2% during the winter and a corresponding increase of comfort time.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document