scholarly journals Stochastic modelling of urban structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 474 (2213) ◽  
pp. 20170700 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ellam ◽  
M. Girolami ◽  
G. A. Pavliotis ◽  
A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
The Core ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Core Elements

The building of mathematical and computer models of cities has a long history. The core elements are models of flows (spatial interaction) and the dynamics of structural evolution. In this article, we develop a stochastic model of urban structure to formally account for uncertainty arising from less predictable events. Standard practice has been to calibrate the spatial interaction models independently and to explore the dynamics through simulation. We present two significant results that will be transformative for both elements. First, we represent the structural variables through a single potential function and develop stochastic differential equations to model the evolution. Second, we show that the parameters of the spatial interaction model can be estimated from the structure alone, independently of flow data, using the Bayesian inferential framework. The posterior distribution is doubly intractable and poses significant computational challenges that we overcome using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We demonstrate our methodology with a case study on the London, UK, retail system.

JAPANTOWN PREPARED AND ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES: CAMPUS-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Cheryl Cowan ◽  
Kalyn Mumma ◽  
Johnny Nguyen ◽  
A.J. Faas
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
State University ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Community Based Organization ◽  
San Jose State University

Abstract Universities and community-based organizations partner to provide benefits to students and to communities where universities are situated. We examine the core elements of a successful partnership in a case study of an ongoing collaboration between San José State University (SJSU) and Japantown Prepared, a community-based organization whose mission is to advance disaster preparedness at the household and community level within San José, California’s, historic Japantown. We demonstrate these core elements of success through a discussion of the development and execution of several projects designed to build capacity within Japantown Prepared and provide real-world experience for Organizational Studies students at SJSU. We conclude that the relationship between SJSU and Japantown Prepared meets the core elements of a successful partnership and provide further suggestions for its continued success.

Empirically Derived Deterrence Functions for Maximum Performance Spatial Interaction Models

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1067-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Openshaw ◽  
C J Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Maximum Performance ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Models

The relationship between the choice of deterrence function and the goodness of fit of a singly constrained spatial interaction model is examined as a basis for improving model performance. The results show that there is no significant improvement in model goodness of fit until a deterrence-function characterisation is used which is based on a family of functions, with the spatial domain of each function being determined in an approximately optimal manner. These findings are consistent with theoretical research on microlevel trip behaviour and can be used to identify descriptive models which possess maximum levels of performance.

Dynamic Spatial Interaction Models: New Directions

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1449-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Nijkamp ◽  
A Reggiani
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Shopping Centre ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Interaction Research

Spatial interaction models have received a great deal of attention in the past decade. In recent years, various approaches have also been developed to take into account dynamic aspects of spatial interaction models, by means of, for instance, optimal control theory, bifurcation theory, or catastrophe theory. The present paper deals with new directions in dynamic spatial interaction research. The focus is on a general dynamic interaction model analyzed in the framework of optimal control theory. The objective function used is a bicriterion utility model, to be maximized subject to a set of differential equations which bear some resemblance to those used by Wilson in a shopping-centre context. The link between the model presented and a catastrophe type of model is investigated. It is demonstrated that catastrophe behaviour may emerge as a particular case of this optimal control model. Finally, it is shown how external influences (for example, stochastic impacts of the Brownian motion type) affect the optimal trajectory.

Effects of Spatial System Design on Spatial Interaction Models. 1: The Spatial System Definition Problem

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
S H Putman ◽  
S-H Chung
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Aggregation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Aggregation Methods ◽  
Future Paper ◽  
Spatial System

Rather little has been published about systematic empirical research on the problem of spatial aggregation and its effects on spatial interaction models. Of the work which has been published, all of it has dealt almost exclusively with single-parameter spatial interaction models. In this article five different aggregation procedures are examined. The experiments were based on the use of a multivariate multiparametric spatial interaction model. A first set of hypotheses tests was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model parameters to spatial aggregation methods. A second set was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model goodness-of-fit to the five spatial aggregation methods. Although questions remain, the results clearly show that the multiparametric model responds well to different aggregation algorithms. Some parameters showed substantial response, as they should, to different zonal aggregations, whereas others are shown to be much less responsive. Further, the results clearly indicate that systematic aggregation procedures generally produce better results than do random procedures. A future paper will continue with a discussion of zone definition criteria, and recommendations will be made with regard to aggregation algorithms.

scholarly journals An exploratory study of users’ experiences with e-participation: a case study of Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1138
Author(s):  
Nasrah Hassan Basri ◽  
Wan Adilah Wan Adnan ◽  
Hanif Baharin
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Government Website

The need to encourage citizens’ adoption of e-participation services has prompted an expanding enthusiasm for the evaluation of e-participation websites. The achievement of e-participation websites depends intensely on how well it is perceived by the users. E-participation is a relatively new approach, so it is important to evaluate it deliberately, in order to comprehend it better, obtain more knowledge about it and distinguish the preferences and advantages it offers, and not to overlook its disadvantages so that we can improve it. Concerning evaluation, many researchers have concentrated on infrastructure and technical issues without giving more attention to user experience as one of the core elements impacting the success or failure of e-participation websites. This paper evaluated e-participation module that located in Malaysia e-government website by utilizing think-aloud method.  Think-aloud was being utilized to gauge the perceptions of citizens in their use of e-participation.

scholarly journals On Defining the Participatory Museum: The Case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Ewa Manikowska ◽  
Andrzej Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Second World War ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
World War ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Second World

This article seeks to contribute to the current debate on the new definition of the “museum” – a debate which led to turmoil at the 2019 ICOM General Assembly in Kyoto. With reference to the case study of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (MSWW), it analyses the new and very successful genre of the narrative museum, a genre which arguably fulfils the core elements of the definition currently being discussed by ICOM. In this regard, it brings into focus the paramount importance of community involvement in creating and managing narrative museums – an aspect that has been virtually absent in the academic and media debates over the nature of the MSWW and its programme. By pointing out the fragility of the foundations for such participation, based solely on trust between communities, the museum, and state authorities, this article calls for and provides guidance for an academic and institutional redefinition of the narrative museum and the institution of a museum in general.

scholarly journals Development of a Decision-Making Framework for Distributed Energy Systems in a German District

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Schmeling ◽  
Patrik Schönfeldt ◽  
Peter Klement ◽  
Steffen Wehkamp ◽  
Benedikt Hanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Decision Making Framework

The planning and decision-making for a distributed energy supply concept in complex actor structures like in districts calls for the approach to be highly structured. Here, a strategy with strong use of energetic simulations is developed, the core elements are presented, and research gaps are identified. The exemplary implementation is shown using the case study of a new district on the former Oldenburg airbase in northwestern Germany. The process is divided into four consecutive phases, which are carried out with different stakeholder participation and use of different simulation tools. Based on a common objective, a superstructure of the applicable technologies is developed. Detailed planning is then carried out with the help of a multi-objective optimal sizing algorithm and Monte Carlo based risk assessment. The process ends with the operating phase, which is to guarantee a further optimal and dynamic mode of operation. The main objective of this publication is to present the core elements of the planning processes and decision-making framework based on the case study and to find and identify research gaps that will have to be addressed in the future.

scholarly journals The American Kinesiology Association Core Content for Kinesiology Programs: From Concept to Curriculum

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-285
Author(s):  
Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko ◽  
Erica M. Taylor ◽  
T. Gilmour Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Academic Programs ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Content ◽  
Core Elements

The American Kinesiology Association identified the essential core content for undergraduate kinesiology-based academic programs. The core includes 4 content elements: physical activity in health, wellness, and quality of life; scientific foundations of physical activity; cultural, historical, and philosophical dimensions of physical activity; and the practice of physical activity. This article, expanding on the development of the core, describes the 4 elements in more detail, suggests methods for assessing student learning outcomes for the core content, and provides examples of the inclusion of the core in undergraduate curricula. Finally, a case study is presented that addresses how a department revised its kinesiology curriculum using the core elements to refocus its undergraduate degree program.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Change Characteristics of Nodes’ Heterogeneity in the Directed and Weighted Spatial Interaction Networks: Case Study within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Disheng Yi ◽  
Jingjing Liu ◽  
Yusi Liu ◽  
Jing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Beijing China

Spatial heterogeneity patterns in cities are an essential topic in geographic research and urban planning. This paper analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of places and reflects on the urban structure in cites based on spatial interaction networks. To begin with, we constructed 24 sequentially directed and weighted spatial interaction networks (DWNs) on the basis of points of interest (POIs) and taxi GPS data in Beijing. Then, we merged 24 sequential networks into four clusters: early morning, morning, afternoon, and evening. Next, we introduced the weighted D-core decomposition method in view of the complex network method and weighted distance in a geographic space in order to obtain the in-coreness/out-coreness of places. Finally, three indices (the entropy index, the node symmetry index, and the t-test) were used to measure the heterogeneity of places from both the strength dimension and the direction dimension. The results showed: (1) For the strength dimension, the spatiotemporal strength characteristics of the nodes in the DWN are uneven on weekdays or on the weekends, and the strength heterogeneity on weekdays is more obvious than on weekends; (2) for the direction dimension, out-flows and in-flows are different in the early morning and evening on weekends. In addition, the direction of the DWN is not obvious. The city networks present flat characteristics. This study used the weighted D-core method to identify the heterogeneity of nodes in the DWN, which has certain theoretical and practical value for the planning of urban and urban systems and the coordinated development of cities.

Intransitivity, the Spatial Interaction Model, and US Migration Streams

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Goodchild ◽  
T R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Error Term ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Interstate Migration ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Migration Flows

The flows predicted by a large class of spatial interaction models are transitive, yet US migration tables have been shown to contain large numbers of intransitivities. This paper investigates a number of possible conditions under which flows regulated by the spatial interaction model might be observed to be intransitive. A singly constrained gravity model is calibrated for a number of flow tables, and distorted by sampling error, by aggregation over strata, and by an independently distributed error term. Only the last distortion gives the correct bias in the relative abundance of intransitivities in numerical flows and flow probabilities. This conclusion is supported by further simulations using random spatial interaction models. The results of the calibrations of the spatial interaction model using US interstate migration flows, 1935–1970, are given and compared with others previously published.

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