scholarly journals The heat liberated by the beating heart

1926 ◽  
Vol 99 (697) ◽  
pp. 326-339 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Beating Heart ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
Real Change ◽  
In Series ◽  
The Difference

Since myothermic methods have been improved several attempts have been made to measure the heat liberated by the beating heart. Two observers, both experienced in the difficulties and limits of myothermic experiments, A. Y. Hill (1) and K. Bürker (2), were unable to decide how far their results showed the real change of temperature of the heart, and how far they were the effects of several sources of error. On the other hand, Herlitzka (3), Snyder (4), and Bohnenkamp (5) believed themselves entitled to draw important conclusions from their experimental results. At the suggestion, therefore, of Prof. A. V. Hill, I undertook to investigate the heat production of the heart with the various means available in his laboratory. Since, as will be shown below, my results were not in accordance with those of the last named investigators, I was forced to compare my methods with theirs. According to the most reliable of my observations I believe the warming of the heart (eel or tortoise) for a single beat to be not higher than 0·00012°. For the heart of the rabbit Herlitzka found a rise of 0·004° to 0·012°; for the terrapin’s heart Snyder found 0·00075° to 0·00255°: and for the frog’s heart Bohnenkamp found 0·001 to 0·01°. Apparatus and Methods. Galvanometer .—The galvanometer employed was designed and constructed by A. C. Downing (6). The “figure of merit” of this instrument (23,000) permitted the use of a high sensitivity, without making the deflection time when critically damped too great. With a sensitivity from 1·2 X 10 -9 to 1·3 X 10 -10 amps. per mm. the galvanometer had a complete period from 0·6 to 2·5 secs. The four coils, each of resistance 6·6 ohms, could be placed in series, or parallel, or series-parallel, so that the resistance of the galvanometer as a whole could be made to approximate to that of the thermopile, or thermocouple, used in the different experiments. The galvanometer was protected by a double shield of high permeability steel, as described by Hartree and Hill (7). Records were made photographically, as described by them, but with the difference that the distance of the drum was 1·30 metres and that the light from the lamp was interrupted each half-second by a shutter carried on an electro-magnet actuated by a half-second pendulum.

scholarly journals Генерация импульсов гигантской амплитуды в клистронном автогенераторе хаоса

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (19) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
С.В. Гришин ◽  
Б.С. Дмитриев ◽  
В.Н. Скороходов
Keyword(s):  
Beam Current ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Amplification ◽  
Chaotic Sequences ◽  
Autonomous Mode ◽  
Nonlinear Amplification ◽  
In Series ◽  
Mode A

The presented experimental results demonstrate the formation of giant amplitude microwave impulses by a chaotic klystron generator operating in autonomous mode. The auto-oscillator is constructed on the basis of a “noisetron” scheme, which contains two five-resonator drift klystrons connected in series in a ring. One of the klystrons operates in a signal linear amplification mode (a linear klystron) and the other - in a signal nonlinear amplification mode (a nonlinear klystron). It has been established that a regime of dynamic intermittency of the “chaos-chaos” type appears in a self-oscillating system at a certain value of a beam current of the nonlinear klystron. In this case, the chaotic sequences of microwave impulses of giant amplitude are formed on a chaotic amplitude background. This type of intermittency is due to the amplitude bistability of the nonlinear klystron.

Threshold Modification Model for the Optimal Evolution Algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 239-240 ◽  
pp. 1104-1107
Author(s):  
Zheng Chun Lin ◽  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Chang Jin Jiang ◽  
Chun Cai Xu ◽  
Yue Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Segmentation Quality ◽  
Local Optimal Solution ◽  
Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Difference Thresholds ◽  
The Difference

The number of pixels of object and background generally has a large difference. Thresholds calculated by the optimal evolution algorithm (OEA) tend to the class which has more samples than the other, then the optimal evolution algorithm falls into a local optimal solution. A threshold modification model was built up for an improved optimal evolution algorithm. The improved OEA can adaptively modify the threshold in each evolutional generation according to the difference of pixels’ number between object and background. Experimental results show that the improved OEA is more stable, converge more rapidly, and has better segmentation quality than OEA.

scholarly journals Flux-pinning behaviors and mechanism according to dopant level in (Fe, Ti) particle-doped $$\text {MgB}_2$$ superconductor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Lee ◽  
G. C. Kim ◽  
Young Jin Shon ◽  
Dongjin Kim ◽  
Y. C. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Flux Pinning ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pinning Effect ◽  
Dopant Level ◽  
Segregation Effect ◽  
Volume Defect ◽  
Ti Particles ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe have studied flux-pinning effects of $$\text {MgB}_2$$ MgB 2 superconductor by doping (Fe, Ti) particles of which radius is 163 nm on average. 5 wt.% (Fe, Ti) doped $$\text {MgB}_2$$ MgB 2 among the specimens showed the best field dependence of magnetization and 25 wt.% one did the worst at 5 K. The difference of field dependence of magnetization of the two specimens increased as temperature increased. Here we show experimental results of (Fe, Ti) particle-doped $$\text {MgB}_2$$ MgB 2 specimens according to dopant level and the causes of the behaviors. Flux-pinning effect of volume defects-doped superconductor was modeled in ideal state and relative equations were derived. During the study, we had to divide M-H curve of volume defect-dominating superconductor as three discreet regions for analyzing flux-pinning effects, which are diamagnetic increase region after $$\text {H}_{c1}$$ H c 1 , $$\Delta \text {H}=\Delta \text {B}$$ Δ H = Δ B region, and diamagnetic decrease region. As a result, flux-pinning effects of volume defects decreased as dopant level increased over the optimal dopant level, which was caused by decrease of flux-pinning limit of a volume defect. And similar behaviors are obtained as dopant level decreased below the optimal dopant level, which was caused by the decreased number of volume defects. Comparing the model with experimental results, deviations increased as dopant level increased over the optimal dopant level, whereas the two was well matched on less dopant level. The behavior is considered to be caused by the segregation of the volume defects. On the other hand, the cause that diamagnetic properties of over-doped $$\text {MgB}_2$$ MgB 2 specimens dramatically decreased as temperature increased was the double decreases of flux-pinning limit of a volume defect and the segregation effect, which are caused by over-doping and temperature increase.

scholarly journals Net Energy of high-protein sunflower meal fed to growing pigs and effect of dietary phosphorus on measured values of NE

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Woong Kim ◽  
Jinyoung Lee ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract An experiment was carried out to determine energy values of high-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) and to compare the energy values of HP-SFM determined using either a phosphorus (P)-deficient basal diet or a P-adequate basal diet. Twenty-four growing barrows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment. Four experimental diets including 2 basal diets containing 2 levels of standardized total tract digestible P (i.e., P-deficient and P-adequate) and the other 2 diets containing 30% HP-SFM with each basal diet (i.e., HP-SFM 1 diet and HP-SFM 2 diet) were formulated to determine the energy values of HP-SFM and to compare energy values of HP-SFM determined by the difference method using 2 basal diets. Pigs were fed diets for 15 d including 10 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collections. Pigs were then moved to indirect calorimetry chambers to determine total heat production (THP) and fasting heat production (FHP). A reduced (P < 0.01) amount of nitrogen was retained in pigs fed the P-deficient basal diet compared with those fed the other diets. The THP of pigs fed the HP-SFM 1 and 2 diets was greater (P < 0.01) than those fed the P-deficient basal diet with the intermediate value for pigs fed the P-adequate basal diet. The retained energy (RE) as protein of pigs fed the P-deficient basal diet was less (P < 0.01) but RE as lipid was greater (P < 0.01) than those fed the P-adequate basal, or HP-SFM 1 and 2 diets. However, there was no difference in FHP of pigs among the dietary treatments. The NE of HP-SFM determined using the P-deficient basal diet was 2,062 kcal/kg, as-fed basis, whereas the value determined using the P-adequate basal diet was 2,151 kcal/kg. Although no differences were observed in energy values, the amount of P in basal diet might affect energy balance by modifying N utilization, thus, a diet containing adequate amount of P is a more suitable basal diet when the difference method is used for calculation of NE in a feed ingredient.

The mechanics of active muscle

1953 ◽  
Vol 141 (902) ◽  
pp. 104-117 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Contractile Element ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Active Muscle ◽  
In Series ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isometric Twitch ◽  
Work Done

When a frog’s or toad’s sartorius is rapidly released during a maintained isometric contraction its tension drops immediately and is redeveloped later. The extent of release required to reduce the tension to zero is 3 to 4 % of the length of the muscle. This is much less than the 10 to 15 % originally stated by Gasser & Hill: the difference is explained. The amount of work done during release by the passive elastic element in series with the contractile element is affected only very slightly by speed of release: the damping of this element is small. The redevelopment of tension after release has been compared with the original development of tension when the stimulus began. Minor and variable differences only have been observed, and these are probably due to redistribution of length, during isometric contraction, between different regions of the muscle. At greater initial extensions the rise of tension during an isometric tetanus is much slower than at smaller initial extensions. This also is attributed to redistribution of length, within the muscle. At an initial extension not greater than that at which the developed tension is a maximum the system is ‘stable’ and the tension reaches its full value sharply: at extensions on the outer side of the maximum the system is ‘unstable’ and a long slow creep of rising tension occurs. The apparent complexity of the time-course of the heat production in an isometric twitch is discussed.

scholarly journals Characterization of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses Using a Multiplex Bead-Based Immunoassay

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Wegene Borena ◽  
Janine Kimpel ◽  
Melanie Gierer ◽  
Annika Rössler ◽  
Lydia Riepler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Antigenic Targets

Serological assays that simultaneously detect antibodies to multiple targets of SARS-CoV-2 and to other structurally related coronaviruses provide a holistic picture of antibody response patterns. Well-validated multiplex immunoassays are scarce. Here, we evaluated the performance of an 11-plex serological assay capable of detecting antibodies directed to four antigenic targets of SARS-CoV-2 and to S1 proteins of other human pathogenic coronaviruses. We used 620 well-characterized sera (n = 458 seropositive and n = 110 seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 in the pre-SARS-CoV-2 era and n = 52 seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 in the era of SARS-CoV-2) as positive and negative standards. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values, including a 95% confidence interval. The difference in mean fluorescence intensity (95% CI) was used to assess a potential cross-reaction between antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and the other coronaviruses. The sensitivity (95% CI) of detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to four antigenic targets ranged from 83.4% (76.7–86.7) to 93.7% (91.0–95.7) and the specificity from 98.2% (93.6–99.8) to 100% (96.7–100). We observed no obvious cross-reaction between anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antibodies to the other coronaviruses except for SARS-CoV-1. The high sensitivity and specificity warrant a reliable utilization of the assay in population-based seroprevalence surveys or vaccine efficacy studies.

The Shikani HME: A New Tracheostomy Heat and Moisture Exchanger

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2921-2929
Author(s):  
Alan H. Shikani ◽  
Elamin M. Elamin ◽  
Andrew C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Speaking Valve ◽  
Time Zero ◽  
In Series ◽  
Turbulent Airflow ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Loss Efficiency ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Lung Simulation

Purpose Tracheostomy patients face many adversities including loss of phonation and essential airway functions including air filtering, warming, and humidification. Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) facilitate humidification and filtering of inspired air. The Shikani HME (S-HME) is a novel turbulent airflow HME that may be used in-line with the Shikani Speaking Valve (SSV), allowing for uniquely preserved phonation during humidification. The aims of this study were to (a) compare the airflow resistance ( R airflow ) and humidification efficiency of the S-HME and the Mallinckrodt Tracheolife II tracheostomy HME (M-HME) when dry (time zero) and wet (after 24 hr) and (b) determine if in-line application of the S-HME with a tracheostomy speaking valve significantly increases R airflow over a tracheostomy speaking valve alone (whether SSV or Passy Muir Valve [PMV]). Method A prospective observational ex vivo study was conducted using a pneumotachometer lung simulation unit to measure airflow ( Q ) amplitude and R airflow , as indicated by a pressure drop ( P Drop ) across the device (S-HME, M-HME, SSV + S-HME, and PMV). Additionally, P Drop was studied for the S-HME and M-HME when dry at time zero (T 0 ) and after 24 hr of moisture testing (T 24 ) at Q of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L/s. Results R airflow was significantly less for the S-HME than M-HME (T 0 and T 24 ). R airflow of the SSV + S-HME in series did not significant increase R airflow over the SSV or PMV alone. Moisture loss efficiency trended toward greater efficiency for the S-HME; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The turbulent flow S-HME provides heat and moisture exchange with similar or greater efficacy than the widely used laminar airflow M-HME, but with significantly lower resistance. The S-HME also allows the innovative advantage of in-line use with the SSV, hence allowing concurrent humidification and phonation during application, without having to manipulate either device.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

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