The relationship of climatic and gelogical factors to the composition of soil clay and the distribution of soil types

Few soil problems have aroused more discussion and controversy than the assessment of the relative importance of climatic and geological factors in soil formation. At international Soil Congresses such as that held in 1927 in the United States it has been apparent that British and other workers familiar with small highly cultivated areas of irregular topography and varied geology attach much less importance to the climatic factors than do the Russians whose experience is largely of vast plains of fairly uniform loess material extending over well defined climatic zones. Purely practical considerations led under these extreme conditions to the development of geological and climatic systems of soil classification respectively, but both systems were found to require considerable modification when they were applied to other countries or when the scale of soil mapping was greatly changed. Even in the British Isles a generalised soil map would allow for considerable modifications of the climatic soil types by variations in local geology and topography. Both systems are open, however, to the more fundamental criticism that they are based not on the actual properties of the objects classified but on external factors which have influenced the formation of the soil to varying and unknown degrees. The Russian work has demonstrated that an essential preliminary a o all field and laboratory examination of soils should be the recognition and separation of the soil profile down to the unaltered parent material into a series of distinct horizons of approximately uniform composition and mode of formation.

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Soil Distribution in Nepal

NUTA Journal ◽

10.3126/nutaj.v7i1-2.39936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1-2) ◽

pp. 79-89

Author(s):

Sher Bahadur Gurung

Keyword(s):

Climatic Factors ◽

Soil Classification ◽

The United States ◽

Soil Types ◽

Land Resource ◽

Reference Base ◽

Soil Map ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Glacier Ice

Soil is the important natural recourse for living things of the world and regulates its ecosystem. Soil types are depending on physiographic and climatic factors. The study discussed soil types of Nepal prepared by Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) based on world reference base developed by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States (FAO) and Soil and Terrain (SOTER) soil type of Nepal by ISRIC-World soil Information based on universal soil classification system developed by United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) using Geographic information system (GIS). According to LRMP the soil types of Nepal are as follow: Dystrochrepts Haplumbrepts Haplustalfs, Dystrochrepts Haplustalfs Rhodustalfs, Haplumbrepts Dystrochrepts Cryumbrepts, Udipsamments Dystrochrepts Rhodustalfs, Glaciated Mountain, Haplaquents Haplaqepts Eutrocrepts, Udorthents Ustorthents Haplaquents, Dystrochrepts Halpumbrepts Haplustalfs-calcarious Materials, Rhodustalfs Dystrochrepts Haplustalfs, Dystrochrepts Eutrochrepts Argiudolls, Dystrochrepts Hapludalfs Haplustalfs-Calcarious Materials, Haplaquents Psammaquents Ustorthents, Haplaquents Eutrocrepts Heplaquents-calcareous Materials and Haplaquepts Dystrochrepts Haplaquents covering four soil order i.e. Entisols, Inseptisols. Mollisols and Alfisols. According the SOTER map, the soil types are as follow: Gelic LEPTOSOLS, Eutric CAMBISOLS, Eutric REGOSOLS, Humic CAMBISOLS, Chromic CAMBISOLS, Dystric REGOSOLS, Eutric GLEYSOLS Calcaric, PHAEOZEMS, Gleyic CAMBISOLS, Haplic PHAEOZEMS, Calcaric FLUVISOLS and other are glacier, ice, rock croup, lake and water. These types of soils are controlled by physiography and climatic factors. The SOTER soil types are more familiar than LRMP soil map although in LRMP soil map is useful to understand the soil characteristics and soil forming processes of Nepal. The soil degradation mitigation and adaptive strategies should consider the soil diversity types and its controlling factors such as physiography and climate.

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Regosolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution and classification

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss10021 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

pp. 881-887 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. J. VandenBygaart

Keyword(s):

Rocky Mountains ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Soil Classification ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Parent Material ◽

The Arctic ◽

Formation Processes ◽

Parent Materials ◽

Plant Life ◽

Anthropogenic Processes

VandenBygaart, A. J. 2011. Regosolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 881–887. Regosolic soils of the Canadian System of Soil Classification are those soils that are weakly developed and do not contain a recognizable B horizon at least 5 cm thick. They must be able to support plant life and thus represent the boundary between pedologic and geologic realms. They commonly occur in Canada where recent geomorphic or anthropogenic processes have exposed fresh parent materials to the climatic forcings at the earth's surface, but can also occur where parent materials are highly resistant to weathering or where climatic conditions are arid and cold. A key stage in their development involves stabilization of the parent material usually by vegetation, which through the plant carbon cycle provides organic matter to the surface, a key component of many soil formation processes. Regosolic soils occur broadly across Canada with major areas in southern Quebec, southern Manitoba, the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic. Classification and taxonomy are fairly straightforward in that all Regosolic soils lack a well-developed B horizon. They are divided into two Great Groups based on the development of an Ah horizon that is either greater than 10 cm thick or is less than 10 cm thick or absent.

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Morphological properties of underwater soils of river deltas

Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin ◽

10.19047/0136-1694-2019-99-62-75 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 62-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. N. Tkachenko ◽

M. N. Kozachuk ◽

O. V. Tkachenko

Keyword(s):

Bottom Sediments ◽

Aquatic Vegetation ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Soil Classification ◽

Size Composition ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Soil Types ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Different Types ◽

The Difference

The results of the study of the morphological properties of underwater soils in the deltas of the Volga, Don and Kuban rivers are shown. This paper is based on field descriptions of profiles of underwater soils found in deltas. Genetic horizons have been identified, their basic properties (pH, Eh, electrical conductivity, grain size composition, organic carbon content) have been studied and the main types of soils, which are formed under different types of sedimentation and under different types of aquatic vegetation, have been described. Names of horizons and types of soils are given due to the classification of underwater soils (aquazems) of the Volga delta, that had been proposed previously. The diversity of underwater soils of three deltas has been studied, and the properties of the same soil types formed in different deltas have been compared. The features of underwater soils formation are described; the difference between the factors of underwater and terrestrial soil formation is discussed. It is shown that the number of occurring soil types depends on the diversity of the emerging types of aquatic landscapes and the contrast of the conditions of migration and accumulation of matter. Necessary conditions for the forming of underwater soils and the possibility of relating bottom sediments to soil formations are discussed. Our results are indicative of the need of studying bottom sediments with soil-like profile from the standpoint of soil science and the inclusion of aquazems into the modern Russian soil classification.

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Soils and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions

Soils in Archaeological Research ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195149654.003.0011 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Vance T. Holliday

Keyword(s):

Soil Formation ◽

The United States ◽

Environmental Indicators ◽

Archaeological Research ◽

Wide Range ◽

Soil Geomorphology ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

State Factor ◽

Paleoenvironmental Indicators

One of the earliest uses of soils in archaeological research, in addition to stratigraphic markers, was as paleoenvironmental indicators. Similar to soil stratigraphy, the use of soils as environmental indicators in archaeological research probably has its roots in Quaternary geology (e.g., Leighton, 1937; Bryan, 1941a, 1948; Bryan and Albritton, 1943; Movius, 1944; Ruhe, 1965; Haynes, 1968; Valentine and Dalrymple, 1976). Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists working with archaeologists were quick to use soils as clues to past environments (e.g., Leighton, 1936; Antevs, 1941; Bryan, 1941a; Hopkins and Giddings, 1953; Haynes, 1968). Likewise, the nature of prehistoric environments has long been a fundamental question in archaeology. Recognition of the relationship of soil development and morphology to environmental conditions goes back to the beginning of modern pedology, in the later 19th century in Russia and in the early 20th century in the United States (Thorp, 1941, 1949; Tandarich and Sprecher, 1994; Johnson and Hole, 1994). Climate and vegetation in particular were understood as important soil-forming factors long before Jenny produced his landmark volume on Factors of Soil Formation (1941). What Jenny (1941, 1980) brought to the discussion was a theoretical means, using the state factor approach, of assessing the effect of vegetation and climate on soils. By understanding these relationships via biosequences or climosequences, we are theoretically able to pick out the morphological and chemical characteristics of soils that are linked to climate or to vegetation. Climate most directly influences pedogenesis through precipitation and temperature and influences pedogenesis indirectly through vegetation. The most direct effects of biota probably come from the addition of a wide range of chemical compounds, from bioturbation, and from rooting. This chapter is a discussion of those characteristics of soils that have some utility for environmental reconstructions, including climate and vegetation estimates. The chapter also includes some discussion of the potential pitfalls in using soils as paleoenvironmental indicators. Longer and more in-depth discussions of soil–environment relationships in the context of soil geomorphology or environmental reconstruction are presented by Birkeland (1999, pp. 268–306) and chapters in Wilding et al. (1983b) and Martini and Chesworth (1992, pp. 155–306).

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From Competition to Cooperation: A History of Canada–US National Park Relations

Environment and History ◽

10.3197/096734019x15631846928783 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Terence Young ◽

Alan MacEachern ◽

Lary Dilsaver

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

National Park ◽

The United States ◽

The Us ◽

Park Service ◽

Settler Societies ◽

History Of ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Flow Of Information ◽

The Relationship

This essay explores the evolving international relationship of the two national park agencies that in 1968 began to offer joint training classes for protected-area managers from around the world. Within the British settler societies that dominated nineteenth century park-making, the United States’ National Park Service (NPS) and Canada’s National Parks Branch were the most closely linked and most frequently cooperative. Contrary to campfire myths and nationalist narratives, however, the relationship was not a one-way flow of information and motivation from the US to Canada. Indeed, the latter boasted a park bureaucracy before the NPS was established. The relationship of the two nations’ park leaders in the half century leading up to 1968 demonstrates the complexity of defining the influences on park management and its diffusion from one country to another.

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Contributions to the Knowledge of Sandy Soils from Oltenia Plain

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.1.7831 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 192-200

Author(s):

Anca-Luiza Stanila ◽

Catalin Cristian Simota ◽

Mihail Dumitru

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Sandy Soils ◽

Physical Geography ◽

Parent Material ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Small Water ◽

Wind Characteristic ◽

The One ◽

Physical And Chemical

Highlighting the sandy soil of Oltenia Plain calls for a better knowledge of their variability their correlation with major natural factors from each physical geography. Pedogenetic processes specific sandy soils are strongly influenced by nature parent material. This leads, on the one hand, climate aridity of the soil due to strong heating and accumulation of small water reserves, consequences emphasizing the moisture deficit in the development of the vegetation and favoring weak deflation, and on the other hand, an increase in mineralization organic matter. Relief under wind characteristic sandy land, soil formation and distribution has some particularly of flat land with the land formed on the loess. The dune ridges are less evolved soils, profile underdeveloped and poorly supplied with nutrients compared to those on the slopes of the dunes and the interdune, whose physical and chemical properties are more favorable to plant growth.Both Romanati Plain and the Blahnita (Mehedinti) Plain and Bailesti Plain, sand wind shaped covering a finer material, loamy sand and even loess (containing up to 26% clay), also rippled with negative effects in terms of overall drainage. Depending on the pedogenetic physical and geographical factors that have contributed to soil cover, in the researched were identified following classes of soils: protisols, cernisols, cambisols, luvisols, hidrisols and antrosols.Obtaining appropriate agricultural production requires some land improvement works (especially fitting for irrigation) and agropedoameliorative works. Particular attention should be paid to preventing and combating wind erosion.

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LACTOSE-FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM THE INTESTINAL CONTENTS OF MARINE FISH

Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries ◽

10.1139/f33-023 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 291-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

NORMAN E. GIBBONS

Keyword(s):

Marine Fish ◽

Marine Fishes ◽

Soil Types ◽

Intestinal Contents ◽

Fermenting Bacteria ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Contaminated Waters

From 112 marine fishes examined for the presence of lactose-fermenting bacteria, 31 strains were isolated which produced acid and gas in this sugar and 3 which produced acid only.Ten strains belonged to the genus Aerobacter, 8 being Aer. aerogenes and 2 probably varieties of Aer. cloacae. Nine were soil types and the relationship of one was doubtful.Of 24 Escherichia types, 8 were faecal mammalian strains and one was doubtful. These belonged to the species Esch. coli, Esch. communior, Esch. grünthali and Bact. immobilis. One was found in a haddock taken 3 miles offshore; the others were found in fish taken in contaminated waters or near shore.Esch. coli, Esch. communior and Aer. aerogenes are not normal inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of marine fish.

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Predicting Firms’ Financial Distress: An Empirical Analysis Using the F-Score Model

Journal of Risk and Financial Management ◽

10.3390/jrfm14050199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 199

Author(s):

Mahfuzur Rahman ◽

Cheong Li Sa ◽

Md. Abdul KaiumMasud

Keyword(s):

Prediction Model ◽

Financial Distress ◽

The United States ◽

Research Database ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Return On Assets ◽

Listed Firms ◽

Distressed Firms ◽

Score Model ◽

Relationship Of

Financial performance of firms is very important to bankers, shareholders, potential investors, and creditors. The inability of firms to meet their liabilities will affect all its stakeholders and will result in negative consequences in the wider economy. The objective of the study is to explore the applicability of a distress prediction model which uses the F-Score and its components to identify firms which are at high risk of going into default. The study incorporates a prediction model and vast literature to address the research questions. The sample of the study is collected from publicly listed firms of the United States. In total, 81 financially distressed firms wereextracted from the UCLA-LoPucki Bankruptcy Research Database during 2009–2017. This study found that the relationship of the F-Score and probability of firms going into financial distress is significant. This study also demonstrated that firms which are at risk of distress tend to record a negative cash flow from operations (CFO) and showed a greater decline in return on assets (ROA) in the year prior to default. This study extends the existing literature by supporting a model which has not been widely used in the area of financial distress predictions.

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