scholarly journals Soil Distribution in Nepal

NUTA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sher Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Glacier Ice

Soil is the important natural recourse for living things of the world and regulates its ecosystem. Soil types are depending on physiographic and climatic factors. The study discussed soil types of Nepal prepared by Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) based on world reference base developed by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States  (FAO)  and Soil and Terrain (SOTER) soil type of Nepal by ISRIC-World soil Information based on universal soil classification system developed by United State Department of Agriculture (USDA)  using Geographic information system (GIS). According to LRMP the soil types of Nepal are as follow: Dystrochrepts Haplumbrepts Haplustalfs, Dystrochrepts Haplustalfs Rhodustalfs, Haplumbrepts Dystrochrepts Cryumbrepts, Udipsamments Dystrochrepts Rhodustalfs, Glaciated Mountain, Haplaquents Haplaqepts Eutrocrepts, Udorthents Ustorthents Haplaquents, Dystrochrepts Halpumbrepts Haplustalfs-calcarious Materials, Rhodustalfs Dystrochrepts Haplustalfs, Dystrochrepts Eutrochrepts Argiudolls, Dystrochrepts Hapludalfs Haplustalfs-Calcarious Materials, Haplaquents Psammaquents Ustorthents, Haplaquents Eutrocrepts Heplaquents-calcareous Materials and Haplaquepts Dystrochrepts Haplaquents covering four soil order i.e. Entisols, Inseptisols. Mollisols and Alfisols. According the SOTER map, the soil types are as follow: Gelic LEPTOSOLS, Eutric CAMBISOLS, Eutric REGOSOLS, Humic CAMBISOLS, Chromic CAMBISOLS, Dystric REGOSOLS, Eutric GLEYSOLS Calcaric, PHAEOZEMS, Gleyic CAMBISOLS, Haplic PHAEOZEMS, Calcaric FLUVISOLS and other are glacier, ice, rock croup, lake and water. These types of soils are controlled by physiography and climatic factors. The SOTER soil types are more familiar than LRMP soil map although in LRMP soil map is useful to understand the soil characteristics and soil forming processes of Nepal. The soil degradation mitigation and adaptive strategies should consider the soil diversity types and its controlling factors such as physiography and climate.

scholarly journals The relationship of climatic and gelogical factors to the composition of soil clay and the distribution of soil types

1930 ◽  
Vol 107 (748) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Local Geology ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Irregular Topography

Few soil problems have aroused more discussion and controversy than the assessment of the relative importance of climatic and geological factors in soil formation. At international Soil Congresses such as that held in 1927 in the United States it has been apparent that British and other workers familiar with small highly cultivated areas of irregular topography and varied geology attach much less importance to the climatic factors than do the Russians whose experience is largely of vast plains of fairly uniform loess material extending over well defined climatic zones. Purely practical considerations led under these extreme conditions to the development of geological and climatic systems of soil classification respectively, but both systems were found to require considerable modification when they were applied to other countries or when the scale of soil mapping was greatly changed. Even in the British Isles a generalised soil map would allow for considerable modifications of the climatic soil types by variations in local geology and topography. Both systems are open, however, to the more fundamental criticism that they are based not on the actual properties of the objects classified but on external factors which have influenced the formation of the soil to varying and unknown degrees. The Russian work has demonstrated that an essential preliminary a o all field and laboratory examination of soils should be the recognition and separation of the soil profile down to the unaltered parent material into a series of distinct horizons of approximately uniform composition and mode of formation.

TRENDS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-623
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Emergency Fund

IT APPEARS timely to call attention again to the work and objectives of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Particularly noteworthy is the trend to use this fund more and more in efforts to help other nations help themselves. Thus the mass attack on tuberculosis, yaws and malaria are, it is hoped, bringing those diseases into proportions where their continued control can be more effectively managed. Similarly, increasing attention is being given to the training of professional and technical personnel. The plans and long-range purpose of the UNICEF have recently been described by Maurice Pate, Executive Director of the fund: "Five years ago, in May 1947, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund received its first pledge of support, a contribution of $15,000,000 from the United States Government. A number of other pledges and contributions soon followed, and procurement of supplies was begun. By the middle of 1948, those supplies were reaching several million children. "Those early beginnings were in the minds of many of us at the recent meeting of the Fund's 26-nation Executive Board (April 22-24), for on that occasion UNICEF's aid was extended to the only remaining area of need in which it had not been operating— Africa, south of the Sahara. "In the Belgian Congo, French Equatorial Africa, Liberia, Togoland, the Cameroons and West Africa, UNICEF, side by side with the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization, will soon be working with the governments and people on a number of child-health projects. The largest of these is to be an attack on kwashiokor, a dietary deficiency disease that affects thousands of young children in these regions.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Chicken Products’ Export to Economic Growth: Evidence from China, the United States, and Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Wen ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Sangluo Sun ◽  
Qinying He ◽  
Fu-Sheng Tsai
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship

As a core industry of the national economy, there is no doubt that the agricultural sector has to adapt to the new economic development. In the literature, many researchers have agreed that agricultural export is an important factor affecting economic growth. This paper explores the contribution of chicken products’ export to economic growth and the causal relationship between them. Based on the data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Bank between 1980 and 2016, this paper describes and compares the characteristics of chicken products’ export trade of China, the United States, and Brazil. By applying the co-integration analysis, we find that there is no significant long-term equilibrium relationship between chicken products’ export and economic growth rate in China, the United States, or Brazil. However, the growth rate of chicken products’ export significantly promotes the economic growth rate for the United States. Besides, for both China and the United States, the direct pull degree (an estimator quantifying the degree of agricultural products’ exports in stimulating economic growth) of chicken products’ export is relatively small and less volatile. Yet, the direct pull degree of China is 14 times that of the United States, and the contribution to the economic growth rate of the United States is 8 times that of China. Both the direct pull degree and economic growth contribution of chicken products’ export of Brazil fluctuates more often, and its direct pull degree is 0.25 times that of China, and the economic contributions to the growth rate is 1.65 times that of China.

International Wheat Council

1961 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-340
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Price Supports ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World

The International Wheat Council held its 31st session in London from November 7 to 19, 1960, for the purpose of reviewing the world wheat situation in accordance with article 21 of the 1959 International Wheat Agreement. The meeting was attended by representatives of 29 member countries and by observers from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the European Economic Community. According to the press, the results of the second annual review, published on December 12, 1960, revealed that although climatic conditions had created unusually favorable preconditions for an expansion of the world wheat trade during 1960–61, the world surplus at the end of the season was expected to be larger than ever. The press reported that the cause of the wheat surplus problem was government intervention in production, pricing, and trading. Government measures introduced during and shortly after World War II to meet supply deficiencies in a war-disrupted world had been allowed to continue in effect, although the years since the war had seen growing surpluses. According to reports, there had been few changes in national policies affecting producer price supports in 1960; among 25 cases classified by the Council, supports had been reduced in only two instances, while in six instances they had been raised and in seventeen they had remained unchanged. In the four main wheat exporting countries—the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia—the end-of-season carry-overs as of July 31 were expected to reach an unprecedented total of 60.4 million metric tons, 37.3 million metric tons over the normal stock surplus. The ultimate solution of wheat surplus problems, concluded the press, depended on a growing adjustment of national wheat policies to international realities.

International Whaling Commission

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-702 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Association ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Whaling Commission ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Cost

The eighth annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission took place in London July 16–20, 1956, under the chairmanship of Dr. G. J. Lienesch (Netherlands). All seventeen contracting governments, with the exception of Brazil, were represented, with observers from Italy, Portugal, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, and the International Association of Whaling Companies. During the deliberations the Commission 1) received from the Bureau of International Whaling Statistics data on the operations and the catch for the past season; 2) received various scientific papers concerning the stocks of whales, and almost unanimously favoring a substantial reduction in the catch in view of evidence that the stock was declining, recommended that the catch for future seasons should not exceed 15,000 blue whale units, and, with one dissentient, recommended that the limit should be reduced in the 1956–1957 season to 14,500 blue whales; 3) after examining the returns rendered in respect of infractions of the whaling regulations, noted that, in general, there had been a decrease over the previous year; 4) received further confirmation from the Commissioner of the Soviet Union of the use of fenders of porous rubber to replace the present use of whale carcases for this purpose; 5) allocated an equivalent of $1400 towards the cost of whale marking; and 6) requested the United States to prepare a protocol for the amendment of the convention requiring every factory ship to have on board two inspectors who were generally of the same nationality as the flag of the ship, to permit consideration of a scheme to appoint independent observers in addition to the national inspectors.

Deriving World Reference Base Reference Soil Groups from the prospective Global Soil Map product — A case study on major soil types of Africa

Geoderma ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince Láng ◽  
Márta Fuchs ◽  
Tamás Szegi ◽  
Ádám Csorba ◽  
Erika Michéli
Keyword(s):  
Soil Types ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Reference Soil ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
World Reference Base ◽  
Base Reference ◽  
Soil Groups

scholarly journals Impacts of Future Climate Changes on Shifting Patterns of the Agro-Ecological Zones in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingzhi Lin ◽  
Anping Liu ◽  
Enjun Ma ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Mapping Unit ◽  
Processing Scheme ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

An agroecological zone (AEZ) is a land resource mapping unit, defined in terms of climate, landform, and soils, and has a specific range of potentials and constraints for cropping (FAO, 1996). The shifting patterns of AEZs in China driven by future climatic changes were assessed by applying the agroecological zoning methodology proposed by International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in this study. A data processing scheme was proposed in this study to reduce systematic errors in projected climate data using observed data from meteorological stations. AEZs in China of each of the four periods: 2011–2020, 2021–2030, 2031–2040, and 2041–2050 were drawn. It is found that the future climate change will lead to significant local changes of AEZs in China and the overall pattern of AEZs in China is stable. The shifting patterns of AEZs will be characterized by northward expansion of humid AEZs to subhumid AEZs in south China, eastward expansion of arid AEZs to dry and moist semiarid AEZs in north China, and southward expansion of dry semiarid AEZs to arid AEZs in southwest China.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1958 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Director General ◽  
Inland Fisheries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Advisory Commission ◽  
The Government

The Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) held its 26th session in Madrid, June 3–14, 1957, under the chairmanship of S. A. Hasnie. During its discussion of current FAO activities the Council 1) decided to accept the invitation of the United States government to act as host to the fifth World Forestry Congress in 1960; 2) agreed to the proposed procedures for organizing the second session of the joint Food and Agriculture Organization/Economic Commission for Europe Committee on Forestry Working Techniques and the Training of Forest Workers, which was to be held in Moscow in September 1957; 3) established the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission to promote improvements in inland fisheries and to give advice on the matter; 4) approved certain budgetary amendments to the constitution of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease; 5) received the report of a mission which had been appointed in 1951 to examine the Moroccan agricultural and food supply situation arising from drought conditions, noted subsequent developments and the intentions of several governments to assist Morocco, and requested the Director-General to keep the situation under review and to take further steps which might be necessary; and 6) requested the Director-General to examine the advisability of establishing a committee on settlement, resettlement, and agrarian reform, as proposed by the government of Israel.

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