scholarly journals Communication using eye roll reflective signalling

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Novales Flamarique ◽  
G.A Mueller ◽  
C.L Cheng ◽  
C.R Figiel
Keyword(s):  
Communication System ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Retinal Topography ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Uv Cone ◽  
Dorsal Retina

Body reflections in the ultraviolet (UV) are a common occurrence in nature. Despite the abundance of such signals and the presence of UV cones in the retinas of many vertebrates, the function of UV cones in the majority of taxa remains unclear. Here, we report on an unusual communication system in the razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus , that involves flash signals produced by quick eye rolls. Behavioural experiments and field observations indicate that this form of communication is used to signal territorial presence between males. The flash signal shows highest contrast in the UV region of the visual spectrum ( λ max ∼380 nm), corresponding to the maximum wavelength of absorption of the UV cone mechanism in suckers. Furthermore, these cones are restricted to the dorsal retina of the animal and the upwelling light background is such that their relative sensitivity would be enhanced by chromatic adaptation of the other cone mechanisms. Thus, the UV cones in the sucker have optimal characteristics (both in terms of absorbance and retinal topography) to constitute the main detectors of the flash signal. Our findings provide the first ecological evidence for restricted distribution of UV cones in the retina of a vertebrate.

scholarly journals Don’t just sit there shouting at the television, get up and change the channel

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
John Hill
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Communication System ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mainstream Media

Understanding political communication using a networked model is not simply a case of opposing linear with nonlinear communication, of mainstream media with social media, or television with the internet. Rather it is about seeing the whole of the communication system as complex, unstable and indeterminate. Networked communication includes within it both broadcast and dialogue but does not separate them out. Each part of the system has the capacity to determine the potential of the other, with meaning a product of the change they effect on the system as a whole. Understanding broadcast as existing within a networked model reopens the potential for invention that the statistical model of information must foreclose in order to function.

Field observations on the social relationships between adult female and juvenile Richardson's ground squirrels

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail R. Michener
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior

Field observations were conducted in southern Saskatchewan in 1969 and 1971. Adult female Richardson's ground squirrels and their own young engaged predominantly in nasal and cohesive contacts while adults and young from other litters engaged predominantly in agonistic contacts. Identification sometimes occurred at a distance based on the location and behavior of the other animal.Newly emerged juveniles remained close to the home burrow and engaged mainly in non-agonistic interactions with both their mothers and other adults. Not until juveniles were 6–7 weeks old and were familiar with the area used by the mother did they correctly identify adults regardless of where the interaction occurred.

scholarly journals NOTES ON PREDACEOUS HETEROPTERA, WITH PROF. UHLER'S DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
A. H. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Porthetria Dispar ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tent Caterpillars ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

During the month of May, 1896, while making field observations in Malden and Medford, Mass., upon the insects known to attack the gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar), I found that many of the common predaceous bugs upon emerging from hibernation greedily availed themselves of the food supply offered by the tent caterpillar and destroyed large numbers of this insect. Podisus placidus, P. serieventris, P. modestus, Dendrocoris humeralis, Euschistus fissilis, E. tristigmus, E. ictericus, E. politus n. sp., Menecles insertus and Diplodus lividus were often found feeding upon partially grown tent caterpillars. Podisus placidus and P. serieventris enter the tents and prey upon the inmates, but the other species generally attacked the larvæ while they were feeding. The species of Euschistus are the least predaceous and it is probable that they naturally feed more upon plants than upon insects.

Are some strains of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) highly susceptible to low temperature stress?

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
WJ Collins
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Winter Dormancy ◽  
Plant Experiment ◽  
Temperature Interaction

Two experiments, one with spaced plants and the other with swards, were conducted in a controlled-temperature glasshouse at Perth, Western Australia. Three strains-Phillip Island, CPI 18293 and CPI 68043H-were selected on the basis of field observations of apparent very poor winter growth in rows, and tested against Tallarook as a control. The temperature treatments were 22/17� (day/night) and 12/7�C. In the spaced plant experiment (occupying the first 48 days of growth), temperature and strain effects were highly significant, but there was no indication of a strain x temperature interaction. In the sward experiment (from days 51 to 77) temperature effects were small; and in only one strain, Phillip Island, was the decline in tops growth due to low temperature greater (P< 0.05) than for Tallarook. The experiments failed to provide support for the so-called 'winter dormancy' phenomenon. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between the present findings and the field observations are given.

The Centre 3 layered gabbro intrusion, Ardnamurchan, NW Scotland

2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O'Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Country Rock ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Layered Gabbro ◽  
Modal Layering ◽  
Gabbro Intrusion

AbstractDetailed remapping of the Palaeogene Ardnamurchan Centre 3 gabbros, NW Scotland, suggests that this classic sequence of ring-intrusions forms a composite layered lopolith. The area mapped by previous studies as the Great Eucrite gabbro intrusion comprises 70% by area of Centre 3. Field observations suggest that most of the other smaller ring-intrusions of Centre 3 (interior to the Great Eucrite) constitute either distinct petrological facies of the same intrusion, or included country-rock or peridotite blocks. These observations, together with syn-magmatically deformed inward-dipping modal layering, are used here to support the interpretation that significant central sagging occurred in the intrusion at a late stage in its crystallization history.

scholarly journals Regions of beta 2 and beta 4 responsible for differences between the steady state dose-response relationships of the alpha 3 beta 2 and alpha 3 beta 4 neuronal nicotinic receptors.

1995 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
B N Cohen ◽  
A Figl ◽  
M W Quick ◽  
C Labarca ◽  
N Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Nicotinic Receptors ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors ◽  
Hill Slope ◽  
Beta 2

We constructed chimeras of the rat beta 2 and beta 4 neuronal nicotinic subunits to locate the regions that contribute to differences between the acetylcholine (ACh) dose-response relationships of the alpha 3 beta 2 and alpha 3 beta 4 receptors. Expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the alpha 3 beta 2 receptor displays an EC50 for ACh approximately 20-fold less than the EC50 of the alpha 3 beta 4 receptor. The apparent Hill slope (n(app)) of alpha 3 beta 2 is near one whereas the alpha 3 beta 4 receptor displays an n(app) near two. Substitutions within the first 120 residues convert the EC50 for ACh from one wild-type value to the other. Exchanging just beta 2:104-120 for the corresponding region of beta 4 shifts the EC50 of ACh dose-response relationship in the expected direction but does not completely convert the EC50 of the dose-response relationship from one wild-type value to the other. However, substitutions in the beta 2:104-120 region do account for the relative sensitivity of the alpha 3 beta 2 receptor to cytisine, tetramethylammonium, and ACh. The expression of beta 4-like (strong) cooperativity requires an extensive region of beta 4 (beta 4:1-301). Relatively short beta 2 substitutions (beta 2:104-120) can reduce cooperativity to beta 2-like values. The results suggest that amino acids within the first 120 residues of beta 2 and the corresponding region of beta 4 contribute to an agonist binding site that bridges the alpha and beta subunits in neuronal nicotinic receptors.

scholarly journals Chromatic Adaptation in MarineSynechococcus Strains

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 991-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Palenik
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation

ABSTRACT Characterization of two genetically distinct groups of marineSynechococcus sp. strains shows that one, but not the other, increases its phycourobilin/phycoerythrobilin chromophore ratio when growing in blue light. This ability of at least some marineSynechococcus strains to chromatically adapt may help explain their greater abundance in particular ocean environments than cyanobacteria of the genus Prochlorococcus.

Paradoxical shifts in human color sensitivity caused by constructive and destructive interference between signals from the same cone class

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW STOCKMAN ◽  
ETHAN D. MONTAG ◽  
DANIEL J. PLUMMER
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation ◽  
Destructive Interference ◽  
Constructive Interference ◽  
Conventional Model ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Color Sensitivity ◽  
Background Fields

Paradoxical shifts in human color (spectral) sensitivity occur on deep-red (658 nm) background fields. As the radiance of the deep-red background is increased from low to moderate levels, the spectral sensitivity for detecting 15-Hz flicker shifts toward shorter wavelengths, although by more than is predicted by selective chromatic adaptation (e.g., Eisner & MacLeod, 1981; Stromeyer et al., 1987; Stockman et al., 1993). Remarkably, though, at higher background radiances, the spectral sensitivity then shifts precipitously back towards longer wavelengths. Here, we show that both effects are due in large part to destructive and constructive interference between signals generated by the same cone type. Contrary to the conventional model of the human visual system, the M- and L-cone types contribute not just the customary fast signals to the achromatic or luminance pathway, but also slower signals of the same or opposite sign. The predominant signs of the slow M- and L-cone signals change with background radiance, but always remain spectrally opposed (M-L or L-M). Consequently, when the slow and fast signals from one cone type destructively interfere, as they do near 15 Hz, those from the other cone type constructively interfere, causing the paradoxical shifts in spectral sensitivity. The shift in spectral sensitivity towards longer wavelengths is accentuated at higher temporal frequencies by a suppression of fast M-cone signals by deep-red fields.

scholarly journals Language evolution to revolution: the leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Vyshedskiy
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Prepositions ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Grammar Acquisition

AbstractThere is an overwhelming archeological and genetic evidence that modern speech apparatus was acquired by hominins by 600,000 years ago1. On the other hand, artifacts signifying modern imagination, such as (1) composite figurative arts, (2) bone needles with an eye, (3) construction of dwellings, and (4) elaborate burials arose not earlier than 70,000 years ago2. It remains unclear (1) why there was a long gap between acquisition of modern speech apparatus and modern imagination, (2) what triggered the acquisition of modern imagination 70,000 years ago, and (3) what role language might have played in this process. Our research into evolutionary origin of modern imagination has been driven by the observation of a temporal limit for the development of a particular component of imagination. Modern children not exposed to recursive language in early childhood never acquire the type of active constructive imagination called Prefrontal Synthesis (PFS). Unlike vocabulary and grammar acquisition, which can be learned throughout one’s lifetime, there is a strong critical period for the development of PFS and individuals not exposed to recursive language in early childhood can never acquire PFS as adults. Their language will always lack understanding of spatial prepositions and recursion that depend on the PFS ability. In a similar manner, early hominins would not have been able to learn recursive language as adults and, therefore, would not be able to teach recursive language to their children. Thus, the existence of a strong critical period for PFS acquisition creates an evolutionary barrier for behavioral modernity. An evolutionary mathematical model suggests that a synergistic confluence of three events (1) a genetic mutation that extended the critical period by slowing down the prefrontal cortex development simultaneously in two or more children, (2) invention of recursive elements of language, such as spatial prepositions, by these children and (3) their dialogic communications using these recursive elements, resulted in concurrent conversion of a non-recursive communication system of their parents to recursive language and acquisition of PFS around 70,000 years ago.

scholarly journals Prevention of Voice Phishing through Analysis of Telephone Call Voice Characteristic

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.33) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Hyung Woo Park ◽  
Jong Bae Kim ◽  
Myung Jin Bae
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Communication System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Wireless Communication Networks ◽  
Minimum Data ◽  
The Voice

Using a phone call to morale of others seeking money as voice phishing. When receiving these fraudulent calls are easily embarrassed, and if they get embarrassed, become more easily be cheated. These voice phishing techniques are evolving to be more intelligent and more diverse. Accordingly, the amount of damage and the victim reality is increasing. The phone call, only the minimum data necessary to transfer the information contained is passed to the other party through the wired or wireless communication networks. In the voice of phone call, It is because the communication system mainly conveys the voice and does not convey the facial expression, environmental situation, and psychological state of the other person. Therefore, it is difficult to judge the authenticity in speech of voice phishing over the telephone network, and it is easy to fall into the deceitful deceit of evolving fraud. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of voice phishing voices, examine their characteristics, and use them to reduce fraud damage. The voices recorded by victims of actual telephone fraud were analyzed and the characteristics were summarized.  

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