scholarly journals Impact of aragonite saturation state changes on migratory pteropods

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1729) ◽  
pp. 732-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steeve Comeau ◽  
Jean-Pierre Gattuso ◽  
Anne-Marin Nisumaa ◽  
James Orr
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Aragonite Saturation ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Ipcc Sres

Thecosome pteropods play a key role in the food web of various marine ecosystems and they calcify, secreting the unstable CaCO 3 mineral aragonite to form their shell material. Here, we have estimated the effect of ocean acidification on pteropod calcification by exploiting empirical relationships between their gross calcification rates (CaCO 3 precipitation) and aragonite saturation state Ω a , combined with model projections of future Ω a . These were corrected for modern model-data bias and taken over the depth range where pteropods are observed to migrate vertically. Results indicate large reductions in gross calcification at temperate and high latitudes. Over much of the Arctic, the pteropod Limacina helicina will become unable to precipitate CaCO 3 by the end of the century under the IPCC SRES A2 scenario. These results emphasize concerns over the future of shelled pteropods, particularly L. helicina in high latitudes. Shell-less L. helicina are not known to have ever existed nor would we expect them to survive. Declines of pteropod populations could drive dramatic ecological changes in the various pelagic ecosystems in which they play a critical role.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hauri ◽  
N. Gruber ◽  
M. Vogt ◽  
S. C. Doney ◽  
R. A. Feely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Current System ◽  
California Current ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Aragonite Saturation ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
California Current System ◽  
Ipcc Sres

Abstract. Due to seasonal upwelling, the upper ocean waters of the California Current System (CCS) have a naturally low pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), making this region particularly prone to the effects of ocean acidification. Here, we use the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) to conduct preindustrial and transient (1995–2050) simulations of ocean biogeochemistry in the CCS. The transient simulations were forced with increasing atmospheric pCO2 and increasing oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations at the lateral boundaries, as projected by the NCAR CSM 1.4 model for the IPCC SRES A2 scenario. Our results show a large seasonal variability in pH (range of ~ 0.14) and Ωarag (~ 0.2) for the nearshore areas (50 km from shore). This variability is created by the interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes. Despite this large variability, we find that present-day pH and Ωarag have already moved outside of their simulated preindustrial variability envelopes (defined by ±1 temporal standard deviation) due to the rapidly increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2. The nearshore surface pH of the northern and central CCS are simulated to move outside of their present-day variability envelopes by the mid-2040s and late 2030s, respectively. This transition may occur even earlier for nearshore surface Ωarag, which is projected to depart from its present-day variability envelope by the early- to mid-2030s. The aragonite saturation horizon of the central CCS is projected to shoal into the upper 75 m within the next 25 yr, causing near-permanent undersaturation in subsurface waters. Due to the model's overestimation of Ωarag, this transition may occur even earlier than simulated by the model. Overall, our study shows that the CCS joins the Arctic and Southern oceans as one of only a few known ocean regions presently approaching the dual threshold of widespread and near-permanent undersaturation with respect to aragonite and a departure from its variability envelope. In these regions, organisms may be forced to rapidly adjust to conditions that are both inherently chemically challenging and also substantially different from past conditions.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 10371-10428 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hauri ◽  
N. Gruber ◽  
M. Vogt ◽  
S. C. Doney ◽  
R. A. Feely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Current System ◽  
California Current ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Aragonite Saturation ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
California Current System ◽  
Ipcc Sres

Abstract. Due to seasonal upwelling, the upper ocean waters of the California Current System (CCS) have a naturally low pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), making this region particularly prone to the effects of ocean acidification. Here, we use the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) to conduct preindustrial and transient (1995–2050) simulations of ocean biogeochemistry in the CCS. The transient simulations were forced with increasing atmospheric pCO2 as projected by the NCAR CSM 1.4 model run under either the IPCC SRES A2 or B1 scenarios. Using ROMS, we investigate the timing of transition decades during which pH and Ωarag depart from their modeled preindustrial (1750) and present-day (2011) variability envelopes. We report these transition decades by noting the midpoint of the ten-year transition periods. In addition, we also analyze the timing of near permanent aragonite undersaturation in the upper 100 m of the water column. Our results show that an interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes create large seasonal variability in pH (∼ 0.14) and Ωarag (∼ 0.2). Despite this large variability, we find that present-day pH and Ωarag have already moved out of their preindustrial variability envelopes due to the rapidly increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2. The simulations following the A2 emissions scenario suggest that nearshore surface pH of the northern and central CCS will move out of their present-day variability envelopes by 2045 and 2037, respectively. However, surface Ωarag of the northern and central CCS subregions are projected to depart from their present-day variability envelopes sooner, by 2030 and 2035, respectively. By 2025, the aragonite saturation horizon of the central CCS is projected to shoal into the upper 75 m for the duration of the annual cycle, causing near permanent undersaturation in subsurface waters. Overall, our study shows that the CCS joins the Arctic and Southern Oceans as one of only a few known ocean regions presently approaching this dual threshold of undersaturation with respect to aragonite and a departure from its variability envelope. In these regions, organisms may be forced to rapidly adjust to conditions that are both inherently chemically challenging and also substantially different from prior conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of rapid sea-ice reduction in the Arctic Ocean on the rate of ocean acidification

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2365-2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Kawamiya ◽  
A. Ishida ◽  
Y. Yamanaka ◽  
S. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Aragonite Saturation ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Arctic Surface ◽  
Sea Ice Reduction

Abstract. The largest pH decline and widespread undersaturation with respect to aragonite in this century due to uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean have been projected. The reductions in pH and aragonite saturation state in the Arctic Ocean have been caused by the melting of sea ice as well as by an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Therefore, future projections of pH and aragonite saturation in the Arctic Ocean will be affected by how rapidly the reduction in sea ice occurs. The observed recent Arctic sea-ice loss has been more rapid than projected by many of the climate models that contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. In this study, the impact of sea-ice reduction rate on projected pH and aragonite saturation state in the Arctic surface waters was investigated. Reductions in pH and aragonite saturation were calculated from the outputs of two versions of an Earth system model with different sea-ice reduction rates under similar CO2 emission scenarios. The newer model version projects that Arctic summer ice-free condition will be achieved by the year 2040, and the older version predicts ice-free condition by 2090. The Arctic surface water was projected to be undersaturated with respect to aragonite in the annual mean when atmospheric CO2 concentration reaches 513 (606) ppm in year 2046 (2056) in new (old) version. At an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 520 ppm, the maximum differences in pH and aragonite saturation state between the two versions were 0.1 and 0.21 respectively. The analysis showed that the decreases in pH and aragonite saturation state due to rapid sea-ice reduction were caused by increases in both CO2 uptake and freshwater input. Thus, the reductions in pH and aragonite saturation state in the Arctic surface waters are significantly affected by the difference in future projections for sea-ice reduction rate. Our results suggest that the future reductions in pH and aragonite saturation state could be significantly faster than previously projected if the sea-ice reduction in the Arctic Ocean keeps its present pace.

scholarly journals Impact of rapid sea-ice reduction in the Arctic Ocean on the rate of ocean acidification

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 10617-10644
Author(s):  
A. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Kawamiya ◽  
A. Ishida ◽  
Y. Yamanaka ◽  
S. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Aragonite Saturation ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Arctic Surface ◽  
Sea Ice Reduction

Abstract. The largest pH decline and widespread undersaturation with respect to aragonite in this century due to uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean have been projected. The reductions in pH and aragonite saturation state have been caused primarily by an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, in a previous study, simulations with and without warming showed that these reductions in the Arctic Ocean also advances due to the melting of sea ice caused by global warming. Therefore, future projections of pH and aragonite saturation in the Arctic Ocean will be affected by how rapidly the reduction in sea ice occurs. In this study, the impact of sea-ice reduction rate on projected pH and aragonite saturation state in the Arctic surface waters was investigated. Reductions in pH and aragonite saturation were calculated from the outputs of two versions of an earth system model (ESM) with different sea-ice reduction rates under similar CO2 emission scenarios. The newer model version projects that Arctic summer ice-free condition will be achieved by the year 2040, and the older version predicts ice-free condition by 2090. The Arctic surface water was projected to be undersaturated with respect to aragonite in the annual mean when atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 480 (550) ppm in year 2040 (2048) in new (old) version. At an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 520 ppm, the maximum differences in pH and aragonite saturation state between the two versions were 0.08 and 0.15, respectively. The analysis showed that the decreases in pH and aragonite saturation state due to rapid sea-ice reduction were caused by increases in both CO2 uptake and freshwater input. Thus, the reductions in pH and aragonite saturation state in the Arctic surface waters are significantly affected by the difference in future projections for sea-ice reduction rate. The critical CO2 concentration, at which the Arctic surface waters become undersaturated with respect to aragonite on annual mean bias, would be lower by 70 ppm in the version with the rapid sea-ice reduction.

Acidification in the Mediterranean Sea following a transient climate change scenario simulated with a high-resolution regional model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Dutay ◽  
James orr ◽  
briac le-vu ◽  
julien palmieri ◽  
camille richon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Aragonite Saturation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Ipcc Sres

<p>Oceans contribute to the removal of 25%-30% of the atmospheric anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>, which increase sea water CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and acidity, and decrease the Aragonite saturation state that may cause problems for calcium carbonate skeletons of marine species. The Mediterranean Sea is a specific environment with a higher alkalinity and a fast ventilation that is in favor of a more important uptake of  anthropogenic CO2 relatively to global ocean, and an acidification process impacting the whole water. The future acidification of the Mediterranean Sea has not been investigated by regional model yet.</p><p>In this study, we used an eddy-permitting regional model of the Mediterranean Sea (NEMO_MED8) coupled to an oceanic biogeochemical model (PISCES) to evaluate how climate and anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> changes will modify the acidification and its annual cycle from the 1850 period to the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century according to the future IPCC SRES-A2.  Evolution of boundary conditions from Rivers and exchange at the Gibraltar strait are considered. We analyse the relative influence of temperature, salinity, DIC and alkalinity on the mean and the seasonal amplitude of acidity (H+) and aragonite saturation sate (Ω<sub>A</sub>) and their evolution following a changing climate scenario SRES-A2.</p>

Torpor and hibernation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Small Species ◽  
Universal Feature ◽  
Deep Hibernation

A diurnal (circadian) rhythm in body temperature is a widespread, and possibly universal, feature of endotherms. Some mammals and birds down-regulate their metabolic rate significantly by night, allowing their body temperature to drop sufficiently that they become inactive and enter torpor. Both the minimum temperature achieved and the duration of torpor are highly variable. Daily torpor is principally a response to reduced energy intake, and a drop in ambient temperature. Hibernation is essentially an extreme form of torpor. Small mammals hibernating at high latitudes have regular arousals during which they urinate and may feed. Bears hibernate with relatively high body temperature, and do not undergo arousal. Only one bird, the poorwill, is known to hibernate. Rewarming during arousal may be fuelled exclusively by metabolism (for example in small mammals in the Arctic) or with significant energy input from basking (for example in subtropical arid areas). The capacity for torpor appears to be an ancestral character in both mammals and birds, possibly related to the origin of endothermy in small species subject to marked diurnal and/or seasonal variation in body temperature. Both deep hibernation and strict endothermy are probably derived characteristics.

scholarly journals The Diurnal Variation in Stratospheric Ozone from MACC Reanalysis, ERA-Interim, WACCM, and Earth Observation Data: Characteristics and Intercomparison

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Ansgar Schanz ◽  
Klemens Hocke ◽  
Niklaus Kämpfer ◽  
Simon Chabrillat ◽  
Antje Inness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Free Running

In this study, we compare the diurnal variation in stratospheric ozone of the MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) reanalysis, ECMWF Reanalysis Interim (ERA-Interim), and the free-running WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model). The diurnal variation of stratospheric ozone results from photochemical and dynamical processes depending on altitude, latitude, and season. MACC reanalysis and WACCM use similar chemistry modules and calculate a similar diurnal cycle in ozone when it is caused by a photochemical variation. The results of the two model systems are confirmed by observations of the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) experiment and three selected sites of the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (tropics), Bern, Switzerland (midlatitudes), and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (high latitudes). On the other hand, the ozone product of ERA-Interim shows considerably less diurnal variation due to photochemical variations. The global maxima of diurnal variation occur at high latitudes in summer, e.g., near the Arctic NDACC site at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. The local OZORAM radiometer observes this effect in good agreement with MACC reanalysis and WACCM. The sensed diurnal variation at Ny-Ålesund is up to 8% (0.4 ppmv) due to photochemical variations in summer and negligible during the dynamically dominated winter. However, when dynamics play a major role for the diurnal ozone variation as in the lower stratosphere (100–20 hPa), the reanalysis models ERA-Interim and MACC which assimilate data from radiosondes and satellites outperform the free-running WACCM. Such a domain is the Antarctic polar winter where a surprising novel feature of diurnal variation is indicated by MACC reanalysis and ERA-Interim at the edge of the polar vortex. This effect accounts for up to 8% (0.4 ppmv) in both model systems. In summary, MACC reanalysis provides a global description of the diurnal variation of stratospheric ozone caused by dynamics and photochemical variations. This is of high interest for ozone trend analysis and other research which is based on merged satellite data or measurements at different local time.

scholarly journals Processes determining the marine alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation state distributions

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7349-7362 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Carter ◽  
J. R. Toggweiler ◽  
R. M. Key ◽  
J. L. Sarmiento
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Marine System ◽  
Calcite Saturation ◽  
River Mouths ◽  
Arctic Surface

Abstract. We introduce a composite tracer for the marine system, Alk*, that has a global distribution primarily determined by CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution. Alk* is also affected by riverine alkalinity from dissolved terrestrial carbonate minerals. We estimate that the Arctic receives approximately twice the riverine alkalinity per unit area as the Atlantic, and 8 times that of the other oceans. Riverine inputs broadly elevate Alk* in the Arctic surface and particularly near river mouths. Strong net carbonate precipitation results in low Alk* in subtropical gyres, especially in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Upwelling of dissolved CaCO3-rich deep water elevates North Pacific and Southern Ocean Alk*. We use the Alk* distribution to estimate the variability of the calcite saturation state resulting from CaCO3 cycling and other processes. We show that regional differences in surface calcite saturation state are due primarily to the effect of temperature differences on CO2 solubility and, to a lesser extent, differences in freshwater content and air–sea disequilibria. The variations in net calcium carbonate cycling revealed by Alk* play a comparatively minor role in determining the calcium carbonate saturation state.

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