scholarly journals Evolutionary demography of agricultural expansion in preindustrial northern Finland

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1794) ◽  
pp. 20141559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuli Helle ◽  
Jon E. Brommer ◽  
Jenni E. Pettay ◽  
Virpi Lummaa ◽  
Matti Enbuske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Evolutionary Demography ◽  
Annual Population ◽  
Major Turning Point

A shift from nomadic foraging to sedentary agriculture was a major turning point in human evolutionary history, increasing our population size and eventually leading to the development of modern societies. We however lack understanding of the changes in life histories that contributed to the increased population growth rate of agriculturalists, because comparable individual-based reproductive records of sympatric populations of agriculturalists and foragers are rarely found. Here, we compared key life-history traits and population growth rate using comprehensive data from the seventieth to nineteenth century Northern Finland: indigenous Sami were nomadic hunter-fishers and reindeer herders, whereas sympatric agricultural Finns relied predominantly on animal husbandry. We found that agriculture-based families had higher lifetime fecundity, faster birth spacing and lower maternal mortality. Furthermore, agricultural Finns had 6.2% higher annual population growth rate than traditional Sami, which was accounted by differences between the subsistence modes in age-specific fecundity but not in mortality. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the most detailed demonstration yet of the demographic changes and evolutionary benefits that resulted from agricultural revolution.

Relationship between body size and population growth rate in two opportunistic polychaetes

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Prevedelli ◽  
R. Simonini
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dinophilus Gyrociliatus

The relationship between body size and population growth rate λ has been studied in two species of opportunistic polychaetes, Dinophilus gyrociliatus and Ophryotrocha labronica, which colonize harbour environments. These species exhibit a semi-continuous iteroparous reproductive strategy, are phylogenetically closely-related but differ in body size and in some aspects of their sexuality. Ophryotrocha labronica is about 4 mm in body length, displays only slight sexual dimorphism and its sex ratio is biased towards the female sex in the ratio 2:1. Dinophilus gyrociliatus is about 1 mm in length, the males are extremely small and the sex ratio is strongly biased (3:1) in favour of the females. In spite of the considerable differences in all traits of their life histories and in many demographic parameters, the growth rates of the two populations are very similar. The analyses carried out have shown that the rapid attainment of sexual maturity of D. gyrociliatus gives it an advantage that offsets the greater fecundity of O. labronica. It is very likely that the reproductive peculiarities of D. gyrociliatus help to raise the population growth rates. The ‘saving’ on the male sex achieved both by the shift of the sex ratio in favour of the females and by the reduction in the males' body size would appear to enable D. gyrociliatus to grow at the same rate as O. labronica, a larger and more fecund species.

scholarly journals A Modeling Approach for Assessing Groundwater Resources of a Large Coral Island under Future Climate and Population Conditions: Gan Island, Maldives

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng ◽  
Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Annual Population ◽  
Large Coral ◽  
Coral Island ◽  
Coral Islands

This study assesses the future groundwater supply of a large coral island, Gan Island, Republic of Maldives, under influences of rainfall patterns, sea level rise, and population growth. The method described in this paper can be used to estimate the future groundwater supply of other coral islands. Gan is the largest inhabited island (598 ha) of the Republic of Maldives with a population of approximately 4500. An accurate estimate of groundwater supply in the coming decades is important for island water security measures. To quantify future groundwater volumes in Gan, a three-dimensional, density-dependent groundwater and solute transport model was created using the SUTRA (Saturated Unsaturated Transport) modeling code. The Gan model was tested against observed groundwater salinity concentrations and then run for the 2012–2050 period to compare scenarios of future rainfall (from General Circulation Models), varying rates of population growth (i.e., groundwater pumping), and sea level rise. Results indicate that the total fresh groundwater volume increases approximately 20% if only future rainfall patterns are considered. If moderate pumping is included (2% annual population growth rate), the volume increases only by 13%; with aggressive pumping (9% annual population growth rate), the volume decreases by 24%. Sea level rise and associated shoreline recession leads to an additional 15–20% decrease in lens thickness and lens volume. Results can be used to make decisions about water resource management on Gan and other large coral islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Methods used herein can be applied to any coral island to explore future groundwater security.

scholarly journals Clonal thermal preferences affect the strength of the temperature-size rule

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Stuczyńska ◽  
Mateusz Sobczyk ◽  
Edyta Fiałkowska ◽  
Wioleta Kocerba-Soroka ◽  
Agnieszka Pajdak-Stós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractGenetically similar organisms act as a powerful study system for the subtle differences in various aspects of life histories. The issue of trade-offs among traits is of special interest. We used six parthenogenetic rotifer clones previously exposed to different thermal laboratory conditions. Interclonal differences in female body size were examined in common garden conditions. We estimated the population growth rate and strength of the size-to-temperature response across four thermal regimes. We tested hypotheses on the existence of the relationships between (i) thermal acclimation and species body size, (ii) thermal specialization and fitness and (iii) thermal specialization and strength of the temperature-size rule. Positive verification of (i) would make it justifiable to refer the other investigated traits to thermal preference and, further, to thermal specialization. Addressing the issues (ii) and (iii) is our pioneering contribution to the question on the strength of size-to-temperature response as differing across life strategies. We hypothesized that this plastic response may be affected by the level of thermal specialization and that this pattern may be traded off with the temperature-dependent potential for population growth rate. Additionally, we investigated the differences in reproductive strategy (number of eggs laid by a female and female lifetime duration) in one temperature assumed optimal, which acts as an important supplement to the general clonal life strategy. We confirmed that the thermal acclimation of a clone is related to body size, with clones acclimated to higher temperatures being smaller. We also found that warm-acclimated clones have a narrower thermal range (= are more specialized), and that the temperature-size rule is stronger in rotifers acclimated to intermediate thermal conditions than in specialists. Our results contribute into the issue of trade-offs between generalist and specialist strategies, in the context of plastic body size respone to different temperatures.

Confidence intervals for population growth rate of organisms with two-stage life histories

Oikos ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Sibly ◽  
Flemming T. Hansen ◽  
Valery E. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Two Stage

scholarly journals Is Lahore's urban system ready to sustain climate change? The case in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz ◽  
Saqlain Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Current System ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Annual Population

Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan and home to more than 12 million people with annual population growth rate of 2.4%, has experienced deadly smog duration since last three years. Climate Change is a global challenge and administrations in major cities around the globe have started addressing the issue on top level. Lahore has also seen establishment and operation of various public sector institutions/offices which explicitly or implicitly claim to help Lahore sustain changing needs of urban system due to climate change. However, little is documented yet whether how effective have these interventions been at institutional level. This paper investigates policies, plans, procedures and regulations (whichever available) for seven relevant government offices on the basis of five key assessment areas to explore whether Lahore’s urban system is ready to sustain the challenge of Climate Change. The investigation covers the debate on policy to the plan level. Institutional abilities of selected government offices have been analyzed to ascertain their efficacy. In essence; the capacity of current system has been documented, the gaps in the system have been outlined and the prospective solutions for the way forward have been suggested in this study.

THE LEADERIN ZERO POPULATION GROWTH?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. A102-A102
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Population ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Zero Population Growth

Japan posted its lowest annual population growth rate since a government survey began in 1968, the Home Affairs Ministry reported. The increasing role of women in the work place and the high cost of educating children were major reasons for the sluggish 0.33% annual growth rate, an official said. The lowest previous rate was 0.38% in 1989, and the high was 2.22% in 1973. The latest report, for the year ended March 31, listed Japan's population at 122.7 million.

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