scholarly journals Interoceptive accuracy moderates the response to a glucose load: a test of the predictive coding framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1898) ◽  
pp. 20190244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley A. Young ◽  
Chantelle M. Gaylor ◽  
Danielle de Kerckhove ◽  
Heather Watkins ◽  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy

Recently, interoception and homeostasis have been described in terms of predictive coding and active inference. Afferent signals update prior predictions about the state of the body, and stimulate the autonomic mediation of homeostasis. Performance on tests of interoceptive accuracy (IAc) may indicate an individual's ability to assign precision to interoceptive signals, thus determining the relative influence of ascending signals and the descending prior predictions. Accordingly, individuals with high IAc should be better able to regulate during the postprandial period. One hundred females were allocated to consume glucose, an artificially sweetened drink, water or no drink. Before, and 30 min after a drink, IAc, heart rate (HR) and blood glucose (BG) were measured, and participants rated their hunger, thirst and mood. A higher IAc was related to lower BG levels, a decline in anxiety and a higher HR, after consuming glucose. A higher IAc also resulted in a larger decline in hunger if they consumed either glucose or sucralose. These data support the role of active inference in interoception and homeostasis, and suggest that the ability to attend to interoceptive signals may be critical to the maintenance of physical and emotional health.

scholarly journals Interoceptive Accuracy Moderates the Glycaemic, Autonomic and Subjective Response to a Glucose Load: A Test of the Predictive Coding Framework.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley Anne Young ◽  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenotypic Flexibility ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy

Recently, interoception and homeostasis have been described in terms of predictive coding and active inference. Afferent signals update prior predictions about the state of the body and stimulate autonomic mediation of homeostasis. Performance on tests of interoceptive accuracy (IAc) may indicate an individual’s ability to flexibly assign precision to interoceptive signals, thus determining the relative influence of ascending signals and prior beliefs. Accordingly, individuals with high IAc should be more able to counter-regulate during the postprandial period. Eighty females were randomly allocated to consume glucose, an artificially sweetened drink, water or no drink. Before, and thirty minutes after a drink, IAc, heart rate and blood glucose were measured, and participants rated their hunger thirst and mood. A higher IAc was related to lower blood glucose levels, a decline in anxiety, and a higher heart rate, after consuming glucose. A higher IAc also resulted in a larger decline in hunger if they consumed either glucose or sucralose. These data provide the first empirical verification of the role of active inference in interoception and homeostasis. In addition, the approach highlights the utility of indices of interoceptive accuracy as composite markers of phenotypic flexibility.

scholarly journals Role of small leucine zipper protein in hepatic gluconeogenesis and metabolic disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsoo Kang ◽  
Sun Kyoung Han ◽  
Suhyun Kim ◽  
Sungyeon Park ◽  
Yerin Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hepatic Gluconeogenesis ◽  
Leucine Zipper Protein

Abstract Hepatic gluconeogenesis is the central pathway for glucose generation in the body. The imbalance between glucose synthesis and uptake leads to metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Small leucine zipper protein (sLZIP) is an isoform of LZIP and it mainly functions as a transcription factor. Although sLZIP is known to regulate the transcription of genes involved in various cellular processes, the role of sLZIP in hepatic glucose metabolism is not known. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of sLZIP in hepatic gluconeogenesis and its involvement in metabolic disorder. We found that sLZIP expression was elevated during glucose starvation, leading to the promotion of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphatase expression in hepatocytes. However, sLZIP knockdown suppressed the expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes under low glucose conditions. sLZIP also enhanced glucose production in the human liver cells and mouse primary hepatic cells. Fasting-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate impeded sLZIP degradation. Results of glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests showed that sLZIP transgenic mice exhibited abnormal blood glucose metabolism. These findings suggest that sLZIP is a novel regulator of gluconeogenic enzyme expression and plays a role in blood glucose homeostasis during starvation.

Responses of Blood Glucose and Serum Insulin to Peroral Glucose Load in Normoglycemic Twins

1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.A. Kesäniemi ◽  
M. Koskenvuo ◽  
T.A. Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunoreactive Insulin ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Pairwise Correlations

AbstractFasting blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and the responses of blood glucose and serum IRI to peroral glucose challenge were investigated in middle-aged normoglycemic male twins of 17 monozygotic (MZ) and 18 dizygotic (DZ) pairs recruited from the Finnish Twin Cohort Study. Also, the role of obesity and diet in the regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism was estimated. The fasting and 2 hr postprandial (PP) glucose showed higher pairwise correlations in MZ (r =0.78 and 0.56) than DZ (r = 0.08 and −0.05) pairs whereas fasting and PP insulin levels and the areas under the PP glucose and insulin curves were weakly and similarly correlated in MZ and DZ twins. The pairwise correlations of the 1/2 hr and 1 hr, but not the fasting and 2 hr insulin/glucose ratios, were somewhat higher in MZ (R = 0.51 and 0.53) than DZ (r = = 0.28 and 0.30) pairs. In MZ twins, the intrapair differences in the body mass index were significantly correlated with those in the fasting and 2 hr PP glucose and insulin levels and those in the fasting and 1/2 hr insulin/glucose ratios (r from 0.47 to 0.76). Also, the intrapair differences in the dietary fat calories were correlated positively, but those in the calories derived from carbohydrates negatively, with the intrapair differences in several parameters of the glucose and insulin metabolism. These data suggest that the environmental contribution to the regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism in subjects within the normoglycemic range may be quite strong. Of the environmental factors studied, obesity and dietary fat consumption seem to have powerful regulatory roles, particularly in the response of insulin to the glucose load.

scholarly journals The cutaneous borders of interoception: Active and social inference of pain and pleasure on the skin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana von Mohr ◽  
Aikaterini Fotopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Social Inference ◽  
Brain Levels ◽  
The Brain

Pain and pleasant touch have been recently classified as interoceptive modalities. This reclassification lies at the heart of long-standing debates questioning whether these modalities should be defined as sensations on their basis of neurophysiological specificity at the periphery or as homeostatic emotions on the basis of top-down convergence and modulation at the spinal and brain levels. Here, we outline the literature on the peripheral and central neurophysiology of pain and pleasant touch. We next recast this literature within a recent Bayesian predictive coding framework, namely active inference. This recasting puts forward a unifying model of bottom-up and top-down determinants of pain and pleasant touch and the role of social factors in modulating the salience of peripheral signals reaching the brain.

The Role of Language in the Construction of Emotion and Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay B. Satpute ◽  
Erik C. Nook ◽  
Melis E. Cakar
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Specific Emotion ◽  
Emotion And Memory ◽  
The Many ◽  
Translational Models

Language is known to play an important role in communicating our thoughts, memories, and emotions. This chapter proposes that the role of language extends much more deeply to further shape and constitutively create these mental phenomena. Research on emotion has shown that language can powerfully influence experiences and perceptions that are affective or emotional. Research on memory, too, has also shown that language can be used to shape autobiographical experiences. The authors organize this work by the many forms and aspects that language may take such as rich narratives, specific emotion words, words that focus on the situation versus words that focus on the body, and even words that convey psychological distance from grammatical tense and pronoun usage. They describe a constructionist theoretical model to understand how language shapes emotion and memory in terms of psychological and neural mechanisms. Their model integrates with recent predictive coding models of neural processing. Finally, the chapter relates this work to clinical and translational models of therapeutic change.

Interoceptive predictors of time estimation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryne Van Hedger ◽  
Kelly E. Faig ◽  
Elizabeth A. Necka ◽  
Greg Norman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Baseline Heart Rate ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Time estimation accuracy is essential for many activities in daily life. Interoception, the process of detecting internal bodily signals, has been theorized to contribute to accurate time estimation. The present study examines the relationship between interoception, broadly conceptualized to incorporate both interoceptive accuracy and self-reported body perception, and time estimation accuracy at short (sub-second) and long (multi-second) intervals. We assessed baseline heart rate and high frequency heart rate variability, then participants (n = 63) completed a heartbeat detection task to measure interoceptive accuracy, a self-reported measure of body perception, and time reproduction and production estimation tasks. Using multivariate regression, we found that interoceptive accuracy significantly predicted long interval accuracy on the production task; however, individuals with higher interoceptive accuracy produced shorter, not necessarily more accurate, intervals on this task. Body perception was not related to time estimation. Our findings provide limited support for the role of interoception in time estimation.

scholarly journals Four grams of glucose

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (1) ◽  
pp. E11-E21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Distributed Control ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Glucose Phosphorylation ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Muscle Glucose Transport

Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70 kg. This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types. In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose, a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant. Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated. The body has a remarkable capacity to satisfy the nutritional need for glucose, while still maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. The essential role of glucagon and insulin and the importance of distributed control of glucose fluxes are highlighted in this review. With regard to the latter, studies are presented that show how regulation of muscle glucose uptake is regulated by glucose delivery to muscle, glucose transport into muscle, and glucose phosphorylation within muscle.

scholarly journals Individual differences in sensory and expectation driven interoceptive processes: a novel paradigm with implications for alexithymia, disordered eating and obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley A. Young ◽  
Chantelle M. Gaylor ◽  
Danielle de-Kerckhove ◽  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
The Body ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Conceptual Confusion

AbstractThose with disordered eating and/or obesity often express difficulties in sensing or interpreting what is happening in the body (interoception). However, research is hindered by conceptual confusion, concerns surrounding domain specificity, and an inability to distinguish sensory (bottom-up) and expectation driven (top-down) interoceptive processes. A paradigm was therefore developed from an active inference perspective. Novel indices were computed and examined in those with alexithymia: a personality associated with interoceptive deficits and disordered eating. The paradigm successfully identified individuals driven by sensations rather than expectations: alexithymia was characterized by attenuated prior precision (a larger divergence between pre-prandial and post-prandial satiety, and low expectation confidence), and increased prediction error (a higher correlation between changes in hunger and blood glucose, and greater rebound hunger after a sensory incongruent drink). In addition, those with a higher BMI were less confident and had a larger anticipated satiety divergence. These findings demonstrate the need to move beyond existing paradigms such as the Satiety Quotient and Heartbeat Counting Task which may have limited our understanding of eating behaviour.

scholarly journals An interoceptive illusion of effort induced by false heart-rate feedback

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (28) ◽  
pp. 13897-13902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Iodice ◽  
Giuseppina Porciello ◽  
Ilaria Bufalari ◽  
Laura Barca ◽  
Giovanni Pezzulo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Acoustic Feedback ◽  
Rate Feedback ◽  
Heart Rate Feedback ◽  
Illusory Perception

Interoception, or the sense of the internal state of the body, is key to the adaptive regulation of our physiological needs. Recent theories contextualize interception within a predictive coding framework, according to which the brain both estimates and controls homeostatic and physiological variables, such as hunger, thirst, and effort levels, by orchestrating sensory, proprioceptive, and interoceptive signals from inside the body. This framework suggests that providing false interoceptive feedback may induce misperceptions of physiological variables, or “interoceptive illusions.” Here we ask whether it is possible to produce an illusory perception of effort by giving participants false acoustic feedback about their heart-rate frequency during an effortful cycling task. We found that participants reported higher levels of perceived effort when their heart-rate feedback was faster compared with when they cycled at the same level of intensity with a veridical feedback. However, participants did not report lower effort when their heart-rate feedback was slower, which is reassuring, given that failing to notice one’s own effort is dangerous in ecologically valid conditions. Our results demonstrate that false cardiac feedback can produce interoceptive illusions. Furthermore, our results pave the way for novel experimental manipulations that use illusions to study interoceptive processing.

scholarly journals The heart rate discrimination task: a psychophysical method to estimate the accuracy and precision of interoceptive beliefs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Legrand ◽  
Niia Nikolova ◽  
Camile Correa ◽  
Malthe Brændholt ◽  
Anna Stuckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Psychophysical Method ◽  
List Type ◽  
Subjective Beliefs ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Rate Discrimination ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
Discrimination Method

AbstractInteroception - the physiological sense of our inner bodies - has risen to the forefront of psychological and psychiatric research. Much of this research utilizes tasks that attempt to measure the ability to accurately detect cardiac signals. Unfortunately, these approaches are confounded by well-known issues limiting their validity and interpretation. At the core of this controversy is the role of subjective beliefs about the heart rate in confounding measures of interoceptive accuracy. Here, we recast these beliefs as an important part of the causal machinery of interoception, and offer a novel psychophysical “heart rate discrimination” method to estimate their accuracy and precision. By applying this task in 218 healthy participants, we demonstrate that cardiac interoceptive beliefs are more biased, less precise, and are associated with poorer metacognitive insight relative to a matched exteroceptive control. Our task, provided as an open-source python package, offers users an intuitive, robust approach to quantifying cardiac beliefs.HighlightsCurrent interoception tasks conflate cardiac beliefs with accuracy.We introduce a Bayesian method for estimating cardiac belief accuracy and precision.Individuals underestimate their heart rate by −7 BPM (95% CI [−8.6 −5.3]) on average.Cardiac beliefs are associated with reduced precision and metacognitive insight.The task and modelling tools are provided in the Python Cardioception Package.

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