scholarly journals Maternal care in Mid-Cretaceous lagonomegopid spiders

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1959) ◽  
pp. 20211279
Author(s):  
Xiangbo Guo ◽  
Paul A. Selden ◽  
Dong Ren
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Early Evidence ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
Different Levels

Maternal care benefits the survival and fitness of offspring, often at a cost to the mother's future reproduction, and has evolved repeatedly throughout the animal kingdom. In extant spider species, this behaviour is very common and has different levels and diverse forms. However, evidence of maternal care in fossil spiders is quite rare. In this study, we describe four Mid-Cretaceous (approx. 99 Ma) amber specimens from northern Myanmar with an adult female, part of an egg sac and some spiderlings of the extinct family Lagonomegopidae preserved, which suggest that adult lagonomegopid females probably built and then guarded egg sacs in their retreats or nests, and the hatched spiderlings may have stayed together with their mother for some time. The new fossils represent early evidence of maternal care in fossil spiders, and enhance our understanding of the evolution of this behaviour.

Maternal care associates with play dominance rank among adult female rats

2012 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine I. Parent ◽  
Adina Del Corpo ◽  
Nicole M. Cameron ◽  
Michael J. Meaney
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Female Rats

scholarly journals Greater variability in chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) brain structure among males

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1925) ◽  
pp. 20192858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. DeCasien ◽  
Chet C. Sherwood ◽  
Steven J. Schapiro ◽  
James P. Higham
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Models ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Different Levels

Across the animal kingdom, males tend to exhibit more behavioural and morphological variability than females, consistent with the ‘greater male variability hypothesis'. This may reflect multiple mechanisms operating at different levels, including selective mechanisms that produce and maintain variation, extended male development, and X chromosome effects. Interestingly, human neuroanatomy shows greater male variability, but this pattern has not been demonstrated in any other species. To address this issue, we investigated sex-specific neuroanatomical variability in chimpanzees by examining relative and absolute surface areas of 23 cortical sulci across 226 individuals (135F/91M), using permutation tests of the male-to-female variance ratio of residuals from MCMC generalized linear mixed models controlling for relatedness. We used these models to estimate sulcal size heritability, simulations to assess the significance of heritability, and Pearson correlations to examine inter-sulcal correlations. Our results show that: (i) male brain structure is relatively more variable; (ii) sulcal surface areas are heritable and therefore potentially subject to selection; (iii) males exhibit lower heritability values, possibly reflecting longer development; and (iv) males exhibit stronger inter-sulcal correlations, providing indirect support for sex chromosome effects. These results provide evidence that greater male neuroanatomical variability extends beyond humans, and suggest both evolutionary and developmental explanations for this phenomenon.

Does Recollection of Exposure to Poor Maternal Care in Childhood Affect Later Ability to Relate?

1993 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Birtchnell
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Early Care ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

The study tested Bowlby's hypothesis that experiencing the poor relating of parents in childhood predisposes the individual to poor relating in adult life. Data were drawn from two community samples: a younger sample of 25–34-year-old married women, and an older one of 40–49-year-old women. Data were also drawn from the husbands of the women in the younger sample. It focused on the single childhood variable of the recollection of poor maternal care. To avoid the effect of this on depression or other psychopathology, groups who were depressed and not depressed, or who were at different levels of psychopathology, were examined separately. Recollection of poor early care was associated with poor relating, lower age at marriage, poor-quality marriage and divorce from first marriage. There was a suggestion that the effects of the recollection of poor early care of marital partners summate.

Studying Effects of Maternal Care in Rhesus Monkeys at Different Levels of Resolution

1981 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
H. Dienske ◽  
E.-A. van Luxemburg ◽  
G. de Jonge ◽  
J. A. J. Metz ◽  
L. G. Ribbens
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Does offspring demand affect parental life-history trade-offs?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.I. Mäenpää ◽  
P.T. Smiseth
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Costs ◽  
Parental Effort ◽  
Costs Of Reproduction ◽  
Burying Beetle ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractLife-history trade-offs between the number and size of offspring produced, and the costs of reproduction on future reproduction and survival can all be affected by different levels of parental effort. Because of these trade-offs the parents and the offspring have different optima for the amount of care given to the current brood, which leads to a conflict between parents and offspring. The offspring, as well as the parents, have the ability to affect parental effort, and thus changes in offspring traits have the potential to cause reproductive costs on the parents. Here, we used a repeated cross-fostering design to manipulate offspring demand during juvenile development in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides to examine whether responding to offspring begging incurs reproductive costs to the parent. After a manipulated first reproductive event, we gave each experimental female, that had been exposed to different levels of offspring demand, a chance to breed again, and monitored their survival. We found that larval demand influences the trade-off between the size and number of offspring produced, but has no impact on the reproductive costs through future reproduction or survival of the parent. The parents do, however, pay an overall fecundity cost for the general success of their first broods, but this cost was not related to the changes in the levels of larval begging. Other traits, including survival showed no costs of reproduction. Survival and the number of larvae successfully raised in the second broods correlated positively, indicating differences in the individual quality of the parents.

scholarly journals Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 160583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabi Paul ◽  
Shubhra Sau ◽  
Anjan K. Nandi ◽  
Anindita Bhadra
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Active Care

Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of nursing during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success. Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously and lack the cooperative breeding biology of other group-living canids. They face high early-life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field-based study on free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of maternal care. Our analysis reveals that mothers reduce investment in energy-intensive active care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping overall levels of care more or less constant over pup age. Using the patterns of mother–pup interactions, we define the different phases of maternal care behaviour.

Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6418) ◽  
pp. 1052-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanqi Chen ◽  
Richard T. Corlett ◽  
Xiaoguo Jiao ◽  
Sheng-Jie Liu ◽  
Tristan Charles-Dominique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio ◽  
Sexually Mature

Lactation is a mammalian attribute, and the few known nonmammal examples have distinctly different modalities. We document here milk provisioning in a jumping spider, which compares functionally and behaviorally to lactation in mammals. The spiderlings ingest nutritious milk droplets secreted from the mother’s epigastric furrow until the subadult stage. Milk is indispensable for offspring survival in the early stages and complements their foraging in later stages. Maternal care, as for some long-lived vertebrates, continues after the offspring reach maturity. Furthermore, a female-biased adult sex ratio is acquired only when the mother is present. These findings demonstrate that mammal-like milk provisioning and parental care for sexually mature offspring have also evolved in invertebrates, encouraging a reevaluation of their occurrence across the animal kingdom, especially in invertebrates.

Dependence of Intergranular Fracture on Boundary Topography and Cohesion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
J. E. Doherty ◽  
A. F. Giamei ◽  
B. H. Kear ◽  
C. W. Steinke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Boundary Shear ◽  
Room Temperature Ductility ◽  
Solid Solution Matrix ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Solution Matrix ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Base Superalloy

Recently we have been investigating a class of nickel-base superalloys which possess substantial room temperature ductility. This improvement in ductility is directly related to improvements in grain boundary strength due to increased boundary cohesion through control of detrimental impurities and improved boundary shear strength by controlled grain boundary micros true tures.For these investigations an experimental nickel-base superalloy was doped with different levels of sulphur impurity. The micros tructure after a heat treatment of 1360°C for 2 hr, 1200°C for 16 hr consists of coherent precipitates of γ’ Ni3(Al,X) in a nickel solid solution matrix.

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