scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity.—Sixth and seventh series

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Body ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Liquid Body ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Mixed Gases ◽  
Different Gases ◽  
Mutual Action

In the course of his experimental investigation of a general and important law of electro-chemical action, which required the accurate measurement of the gases evolved during the decomposition of water and other substances, the author was led to the detection of a curious effect, which had never been previously noticed, and of which the knowledge, had he before possessed it, would have prevented many of the errors and inconsistencies occurring in the conclusions he at first deduced from his earlier experiments. The phenomenon observed was the gradual recombination of elements which had been previously separated from each other by voltaic action. This happened when, after water had been decomposed by voltaic electricity, the mixed gases resulting from such decomposition were left in contact with the platina wires or plates, which had acted as poles; for under these circumstances they gradually diminished in volume, water was reproduced, and at last the whole of the gases disappeared. On inquiring into the cause of this reunion of the elements of water, the author found that it was occasioned principally by the action of the piece of platina, which had served for the positive pole; and also that the same piece of platina would produce a similar effect on a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases obtained by other and more ordinary kinds of chemical action. By closer examination, it was ascertained that the platina, which had been the negative pole, could produce the same effect. Finally, it was found that the only condition requisite for rendering the pieces of platina effective in this recombination of oxygen and hydrogen is their being perfectly clean, and that ordinary mechanical processes of cleaning are quite sufficient for bringing them into that condition, without the use of the battery. Plates of platina, cleaned by means of a cork, with a little emery and water, or dilute sulphuric acid, were rendered very active; but they acquired the greatest power when first heated in a strong solution of caustic alkali, then dipped in water to wash off the alkali, next dipped in hot strong oil of vitriol, and finally left for ten or fifteen minutes in distilled water. Plates thus prepared, placed in tubes containing mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen gases, determined the gradual combination of their elements: the effect was at first slow, but became by degrees more rapid; and heat was evolved to such a degree, indeed, as frequently to give rise to ignition and explosion. The author regards this phenomenon as of the same kind as that discovered by Davy in the glowing platinap; that observed by Döbereiner in spongy platina, acting on a jet of hydrogen gas in atmospheric air; and those so well experimented on by MM. Dulong and Thenard. In discussing the theory of these remarkable effects, the author advances some new views of the conditions of elasticity at the exterior of a mass of gaseous matter confined by solid surfaces. The elasticity of gases he considers as being dependent on the mutual action of the particles, especially of those which are contiguous to each other; but this reciprocity of condition is wanting on the sides of the exterior particles which are next to the solid substance. Then, reasoning on the principle established by Dalton, that the particles of different gases are indifferent to one another, so that those of one gas may come within almost any distance of those of another gas, whatever may be the respective degrees of tension in each gas among the particles of its own kind, he concludes that the particles of a gas, or of a mixture of gases, which are next to the platina, or other solid body not of their own chemical nature, touch that surface by a contact as close as that by which the particles of a solid or liquid body touch each other. This proximity, together with the absence of any mutual relation of the gaseous particles to particles of their own kind, combined also with the direct attractive force exerted by the platina, or other solid body, on the particles of the gases, is sufficient, in the opinion of the author, to supply what is wanting in order to render effective the affinity between the particles of oxygen and hydrogen; being, in fact, equivalent to an increase of temperature, to solution, or to any of the other circumstances which are known to be capable of adding to the force of the affinities inherent in the substances themselves.

Direct simulation of thermally and mechanically coupled particle-laden flow

SIMULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003754972110551
Author(s):  
Laurie A Florio
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Solid Body ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Property Variation

This work describes a unique technique to simulate continuously and directly coupled fluid flow and moving particles including both mechanical and thermal interactions between the flow, particles, and flow paths. The particles/flow paths are discretized within a computational fluid dynamics flow domain so that the local flow and temperature field conditions surrounding each particle or other solid body are known along with the local temperature distribution within the particle and other solids. Contact conduction between solid bodies including contact resistance, conjugate heat transfer at the fluid–solid interfaces, and even radiation exchanges between solid surfaces and between solid surfaces and the fluid are incorporated in the thermal interactions and a soft collision model simulates the solid body mechanical contact. The ability to capture these local flow and thermal effects removes reliance on correlations for fluid forces and for heat transfer coefficients/exchange and removes restrictions on the flow regime and particle size and volume fraction considered. Larger particle sizes and higher particle concentration conditions can be studied with local effects captured. The method was tested for a range of particle thermal and mechanical properties, driving pressures, and for limited radiation parameters. The results reveal important information about the basic thermal and flow phenomena that cannot be obtained in standard modeling methods and demonstrate the utility of the modeling method. The technique can be applied to examine phenomena dependent on local thermal conditions such as chemical reactions, material property variation, agglomerate formation, and phase change. The methods can also be used as a basis for machine learning algorithm development for flows with large particle counts so that more detailed phenomena can be considered compared to those provided by standard techniques with reduced computational costs compared to those with fully resolved particles in the flow.

III. Experimental researches in electricity. ─Twenty-fifth series

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 29-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Central Line ◽  
General View ◽  
Axial Line ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
As If

2797. The remarkable results given in a former series of these researches (2757. &c.) respecting the powerful tendency of certain gaseous substances to proceed either to or from the central line of magnetic force, according to their relation to other substances present at the same time, and yet the absence of all condensation or expansion of these bodies (2756.) which might be supposed to be consequent on such an amount of attractive or repulsive force as would be thought needful to produce this tendency and determination to particular places, have, upon consideration, led me to the idea, that if bodies possess different degrees of conducting power for magnetism, that difference may account for all the phenomena; and, further, that if such an idea be considered, it may assist in developing the nature of magnetic force. I shall therefore venture to think and speak freely on this matter for a while, for the purpose of drawing others into a consideration of the subject; though I run the risk, in doing so, of falling into error through imperfect experiments and reasoning. As yet, however, I only state the case hypothetically, and use the phrase conducting power as a general expression of the capability which bodies may possess of affecting the transmission of magnetic force; implying nothing as to how the process of conduction is carried on. Thus limited in sense, the phrase may be very useful, enabling us to take, for a time, a connected, consistent and general view of a large class of phenomena; may serve as a standard of meaning amongst them, and yet need not necessarily involve any error, inasmuch as whatever may be the principles and condition of conduction, the phenomena dependent on it must consist among themselves. 2798. If a medium having a certain conducting power occupy the magnetic field, and then a portion of another medium or substance be placed in the field having a greater conducting power, the latter will tend to draw up towards the place of greatest force, displacing the former. Such at least is the case with bodies that are freely magnetic, as iron, nickel, cobalt and their combinations (2357. 2363. 2367. &c.), and such a result is in analogy with the phenomena produced by electric induction. If a portion of still higher conducting power be brought into play, it will approach the axial line and displace that which had just gone there; so that a body having a certain amount of conducting power, will appear as if attracted in a medium of weaker power, and as if repelled in a medium of stronger power by this differential kind of action (2367. 2414.).

II. Experimental researches in electricity.—Sixteenth series

1840 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 61-91
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Chemical Force

1796. What is the source of power in a voltaic pile? This question is at present of the utmost importance in the theory and to the development of electrical science. The opinions held respecting it are various; but by far the most important are the two which respectively find the source of power in contact, and in chemical force. The question between them touches the first principles of electrical action; for the opinions are in such contrast, that two men respectively adopting them are thence-­forward constrained to differ, in every point, respecting the probable and intimate nature of the agent or force on which all the phenomena of the voltaic pile depend. 1797. The theory of contact is the theory of Volta, the great discoverer of the voltaic pile itself, and it has been sustained since his day by a host of philosophers, amongst whom, in recent times, rank such men as Pfaff, Marianini, Fechner, Zamboni, Matteucci, Karsten, Bouchardat, and as to the excitement of the power, even Davy; all bright stars in the exalted regions of science. The theory of chemi­cal action was first advanced by Fabroni, Wollaston, and Parrot, and has been more or less developed since by CErsted, Becquerel, De la Rive, Ritchie, Pouillet, Sccebein, and many others, amongst whom Becquerel ought to be distinguished as having contributed, from the first, a continually increasing mass of the strongest experimental evidence in proof that chemical action always evolves electricity; and De la Rive should be named as most clear and constant in his views, and most zealous in his production of facts and arguments, from the year 1827 to the present time.

scholarly journals VIII. The Bakerian Lecture.—Experimental of laws of magneto-electric induction in different masses of the same metal, and of Intensity in different metals

1833 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 95-142 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Difficulty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Purpose ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Experimental Researches

Mr. Faraday's highly interesting papers, entitled “Experimental Researches in Electricity,” having been referred to me, to report on, by the President and Council of this Society, I necessarily entered minutely into all the experiments and conclusions of the author, and the more so that I had had the advantage of witnessing many of the most important of these experiments. It is foreign to my present purpose to descant upon the value of Mr. Faraday’s discovery, or the merits of his communication ; the President and Council have marked their opinion of these by the award of the Copley Medal: but I may be permitted to state, that no one can concur more cordially than I do in the propriety of that award. Agreeing as I did generally with the author, both in the views which he took of the subject, and in the conclusions which he drew from his experiments, there was one, however, which I felt great difficulty in adopting, viz. “That when metals of different kinds are equally subject, in every circumstance, to magneto-electric induction, they exhibit exactly equal powers with respect to the currents which either are formed, or tend to form, in them :" and that “the same is probably the case in all other substances.” Although the experiments might appear to indicate that this was possibly the case, I did not consider them to be conclusive. The most conclusive experiment, that of two spirals, one of copper and the other of iron, transmitting opposite currents, was quite consistent with the absolute equality of the currents excited in copper and iron; but, at the same time, the apparent equality of the currents might be due to their inequality being counteracted by a corresponding inequality in the facility of transmission.

scholarly journals The emission of electrons under the influence of chemical action. Part II.—Some general conclusions and a further study of the case of carbonyl chloride

1934 ◽  
Vol 144 (851) ◽  
pp. 46-75
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Carbonyl Chloride ◽  
Different Gases

We have now investigated this effcet on the sodium potassium alloy K 2 Na for 22 different gases. With 15 of these tbs emission has been found to be sufficiently large for the distribution of kinetic energy among the emitted electrons to be determined, using the reacting gases at pressures of the order of 10 -5 mm of mercury. As a result of these experiments we have been led to some general conclusions, the most important of which we propose to state, very briefly, at the outset. They are:— (1) The energy distribution is not in general of the Maxwellian type as the earlier evidence bad tended to indicate. We expressed a suspicion of the correctness of this view on p. 49 of our previous paper. The later experiments have confirmed that suspicion.

scholarly journals V. Experimental researches in electricity.—Sixth series

1834 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Experimental Researches

The conclusion at which I have arrived in this section may seem to render the whole of it unfit to form part of a series of researches in electricity; since, remarkable as the phenomena are, the power which produces them is not considered as of an electric origin, otherwise than as all attraction of particles may have this subtil agent for their common cause. But as the effects investigated arose out of electrical researches, as they are directly connected with others which are of an electric nature, and must of necessity be understood and guarded against in a very extensive series of electro-chemical decompositions (707.), I have felt myself fully justified in detailing them in this place. Believing that I had proved (by experiments hereafter to be described (705.),) the constant and definite chemical action of a certain quantity of electricity, whatever its intensity might be, or however the circumstances of its transmission through either the decomposing body or the more perfect conductors were varied, I endeavoured upon that result to construct a new measuring instrument, which from its use might be called, at least provisionally, a Volta-electrometer (739.).

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity. Twenty-fourth series. On the possible relation of gravity to electricity

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 994-995 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Gravity And Magnetic ◽  
Experimental Relation ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Fourth Series ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Electric Action

Under the full persuasion that all the forces of nature are mutually dependent, and often, if not always, convertible more or less into each other, the author endeavoured to connect gravity and magnetic or electric action together by experimental results, and though the conclusions were, when cleared from all error, of a negative nature, he still thinks that the principle followed and the experiments themselves deserve to be recorded. Considering that some condition of the results produced by gravity ought to present itself, having a relation to the dual or antithetical character of the magnetic or electric forces, it seemed to the author that the approximation of two gravitating bodies towards each other, and their separation, were the only points which offered this kind of coincidence; and therefore, using the earth as one gravitating body, he employed a cylinder of metal, glass, resins, or other substances, as the other, and endeavoured to ascertain when the latter was allowed to fall, being surrounded by a helix of wire, whether any electric current was generated. Sometimes the cylinder was allowed to fall through the helix; at other times with the helix; and occasionally the helix was made the falling body. But when the various sources of error which sprung up were gradually removed, no traces of electric action remained which could be referred to the power of gravity. In order to obtain a greater effect, an aparatus was employed (being nearly that, used in the 23rd Series of these Researches) by which the effect of raising a body from the earth could be combined with that of a falling body by the fit use of commutators (if any action at all were produced). The apparatus was very good, and gave exceedingly delicate results, as was shown by other consequences of its action; but in respect of gravity it produced no effect whatever. Notwithstanding his failure in obtaining any experimental relation between gravity and magnetic or electric force, the author still expresses his conviction that there is a relation, and his hopes that it may be hereafter practically demonstrated.

scholarly journals THE FREE ENERGY OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY LIVING FORMS

1927 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Burk
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Free Energy Of Formation ◽  
General Metabolism ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Oxygen Gas

Fixation of nitrogen even with liberation of energy or free energy, will take place if either oxygen gas or hydrogen gas, or other substances, especially gases, whose standard free energies are close to zero, are involved to form either nitrates, ammonia, or cyanide, not to speak of still other compounds. It has been pointed out that there are two and only two general conditions where nitrogen fixation can require energy. These are, first, if nitrogen reacts with some compound like water with an already high negative free energy of formation and where negligible oxidation of nitrogen would occur; second, if the plant does not take advantage of working at concentrations where the process would yield free energy. If nitrogen fixation is exothermic and free energy-yielding, how is the carbohydrate requirement of nitrogen-fixing organisms to be interpreted? Are the experimental determinations of the carbon to nitrogen ratio purely circumstantial? Is further hope given to those who may experimentally try to narrow this ratio to where the carbon used is only for the carbon requirements of general metabolism, exclusive of fixation? Do not hypotheses concerning the fixation of nitrogen in the evolutionary process, which are based on the conception that energy is required, lose some of their significance? Does it not suggest that perhaps fixation is far more universal than is supposed among living forms, particularly among the higher green plants, and thereby give encouragement to those who may wish to demonstrate this experimentally? Does it not indicate that perhaps the function of fixation is often to obtain energy for use in general metabolism? Is the general carbohydrate metabolism of the fixation forms to be regarded as being merely extremely inefficient? Or most suggestive of all, is the carbohydrate serving some unobserved function?

scholarly journals I. Experimental researches in electricity.—Nineteenth series

1846 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Mutual Action

2146. I Have long held an opinion, almost amounting to conviction, in common I believe with many other lovers of natural knowledge, that the various forms under which the forces of matter are made manifest have one common origin; or, in other words, are so directly related and mutually dependent, that they are convertible, as it were, one into another, and possess equivalents of power in their action. In modern times the proofs of their convertibility have been accumulated to a very considerable extent, and a commencement made of the determination of their equivalent forces. 2147. This strong persuasion extended to the powers of light, and led, on a former occasion, to many exertions, having for their object the discovery of the direct relation of light and electricity, and their mutual action in bodies subject jointly to their power; but the results were negative and were afterwards confirmed, in that respect, by Wartmann.

Gas Migration in Low- and Intermediate-Level Waste (LILW) Disposal Facility in Korea

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Chul Ha ◽  
Jeong-Hwan Lee ◽  
Haeryong Jung ◽  
Juyub Kim ◽  
Juyoul Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Gas Migration ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Disposal Facility ◽  
Entry Pressure ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Different Gases

The first low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW) disposal facility is under construction in saturated granite in Korea. The safety assessment report (SAR) identified that different gases, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane are generated at the disposal facility due to the corrosion of metal wastes and steel drum, and microbial degradation of organic matters. Reinforced concrete plays a role as an engineered barrier at the disposal facility, so its properties with regard to gas migration were evaluated in laboratory-scale experiments. Then modeling of gas migration was carried out to evaluate gas pressure build-up in the disposal facility. The gas entry pressure and relative gas permeability of the concrete was determined to be 0.97±0.15 bar, and the relative gas permeability decreased exponentially with increasing water content. The results of the modeling showed that most of hydrogen gas was dissolved in groundwater and did not significantly influence pressure build-up inside the disposal facility based on the reference case of gas generation.

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