scholarly journals On the results of chilling copper-tin alloys

1901 ◽  
Vol 68 (442-450) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Singular Point ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Tin Alloys ◽  
The Third ◽  
Point Curve

In the Third Report of the Alloys Research Committee, published in 1895, Sir W. Roberts-Austen gives an appendix, by Dr. Stansfield, containing an extremely interesting series of cooling curves of the copper-tin alloys. These curves made it evident that for many percentage compositions there were three or even four halts in the cooling due-to separate evolutions of heat, and that some of these changes must have occurred when the metal was solid. A freezing-point curve was also deduced from the cooling curves. The report contained interesting remarks on the meaning of the curves, but a satisfactory explanation was not at that time possible. In June, 1895, Professor H. Le Chatelier also published a freezing-point curve, giving the upper points only. These two curves agree in locating a singular point near the composition Cu 4 Sn, but do not give any singular point nearer to the copper end of the curve.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ITS ANALOGUES: V. PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE SYSTEM D2O–D2O2

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Giguère ◽  
E. A. Secco
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Eutectic Point ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Addition Compound ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Number Of Solutions ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
Solid Liquid

The cooling curves of a number of solutions of deuterium peroxide in heavy water in the concentration range 11% to 95% were measured in order to determine the solid-liquid phase diagram for that binary system. The apparatus of Herington and Handley, which uses a pulsing pressure for stirring the solutions, and a thermistor, was found to be particularly suitable for that purpose. As could be expected the freezing-point curve of the deuterated compounds is closely similar to that of the hydrogen compounds, being shifted up only by about 4° for water-rich solutions and by 2° for peroxide-rich solutions. The melting point of the addition compound, D2O.2D2O very nearly coincides with one of the eutectic points at 46.2% D2O2 and −51.5 °C.; the other eutectic point is at 60.5% D2O2 and −55.1 °C. By extrapolation the melting point of pure deuterium peroxide is found to be 1.5 °C. as compared with −0.43 °C. for hydrogen peroxide. Concentrated solutions of deuterium peroxide exhibit an extreme tendency to supercool, resulting sometimes in formation of glasses even at liquid-air temperature. The previous results of Foley and Giguère for the system H2O–H2O2 were confirmed, specially as regards the melting point of the addition compound H2O2•2H2O.

scholarly journals Bakerian lecture.—On the constitution of the copper-tin series of alloys

1903 ◽  
Vol 71 (467-476) ◽  
pp. 409-412 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Liquid Alloys ◽  
Tin Alloys ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Pure Metals ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All

This paper is an attempt to fill a very serious gap in the study of alloys. As a rule, an alloy begins to be interesting when the temperature of the liquid alloy has fallen to its freezing point. This point, which records the moment when solid first appears in the liquid, is easily observed on account of the evolution of latent heat that occurs on the formation of solid, and if the freezing points of all the alloys of a series are determined, we can plot the freezing-point curve. Many such curves have been traced in the last ten years: that of the copper-tin alloys is given by the upper line in our diagram. The curve consists of several branches cutting each other in angular points. The one thing that these curves record without ambiguity is the number of different solids that can crystallise out of the liquid alloys, for each branch corresponds to the crystallisation of a different substance. But this is almost all that such curves tell us with certainty. They do not tell us whether the solids forming are the pure metals, or pure compounds, or crystalline solid solutions of the metals. Other experiments are needed to decide such questions.

scholarly journals I. Bakerian lecture .―On the constitution of the copper-tin series of alloys

1904 ◽  
Vol 202 (346-358) ◽  
pp. 1-70 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Rate Of Cooling ◽  
Primary Crystals

The immediate origin of the present paper lay in a suggestion of the late Sir G. G. Stokes, made early in 1900, that we should attempt the microscopic examination of a few bronzes as an aid to the interpretation of the singularities of the freezing-point curve. This curve was at the time fairly accurately known, largely through the researches of the late Sir W. Roberts-Austen and Dr. Stansfield, published in 1895 and in 1897, and partly by our own work. Microscopic studies of the alloys had been also published by Dr. Charpy and by Mr. Stead, but, so far as we are aware, no attempt had been made to correlate the two lines of research, and the exact nature of this group of alloys remained very obscure. The ingots of alloy which we studied at first had been allowed to cool somewhat slowly and spontaneously in the furnace, so that there had been no sudden chill or alteration in the rate of cooling. Polished and etched sections of these ingots were found to contain very varied and complicated patterns that sometimes appeared to have no connection with the singularities of the freezing-point curve. For example, a tin-rich crystallisation which appeared to be primary, was found to increase to a maximum amount as we descended a branch of the curve, and in more than one region undeniable primary crystals which stood out in relief on the outside of the ingots were found, when polished half-through, to be full of smaller and quite different crystals. In fact, it became evident that the final patterns we were examining were of the nature of a palimpsest in which several different records were superposed, some of these being due to recrystallisations that had taken place after solidification. Two other considerations pointed to the same conclusion, the first was derived from the very valuable cooling curves, published by Roberts-Austen and Stansfield in 1895, which revealed the fact that far below the temperature of solidification considerable evolutions of heat occurred in the alloys as they cooled. The second was derived from Professor Poozeboom’s paper on the “Solidification of Mixed Crystals of Two Substances,” published in the ‘Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie,’ of December, 1899. These two researches have been respectively the experimental and the theoretical basis from which the present work has grown, and the possibilities of interpretation which they promised have induced us to make a much more serious study of the bronzes than we originally intended.

scholarly journals Beyond symptom control: Research in psychosocial and existential issues in palliative care

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM BREITBART
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
European Association ◽  
Symptom Control ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Care Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Existential Issues ◽  
Important Milestone

Stresa, a small town on the shores of the Lago Maggiore, about one hour north of Milan, Italy, was the site of the Third Research Forum of the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC). From June 3 through 6, 2004, researchers from all across Europe, as well as investigators from North America, Australia, Japan, and Israel, gathered to review the state of palliative care research and set an agenda for the future. The setting was bucolic and tranquil; the official language was English; the accents were diverse; the accommodations were grand; the ambiance was intimate and insouciant; the dinners were elegant; the dress was stylish; the organization was impeccable; and the scholarship was of the highest level. All this, perhaps, was to be expected of an EAPC event, hosted by an Executive Scientific Committee and Research Committee headed by Franco De Conno of the Instituto di Tumori of Milano, Italy, and his colleagues. What was unexpected, however, was the prominence of research on psychosocial, existential, and spiritual aspects of palliative care at this critically important, international, palliative care research forum. Clearly, 2004 marks an important milestone for the entry of research in psychosocial and existential issues into the mainstream of academic palliative care. Palliative and Supportive Care, having just successfully completed its inaugural year of publication in 2003, is now extraordinarily and uniquely well placed to be the preeminent international palliative care journal for research in the psychosocial, existential, and spiritual aspects of palliative care.

1. Twenty-fourth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor. 1870. 2. Twelfth Annual Report of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland. 1870

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (75) ◽  
pp. 426-437
Author(s):  
T. S. C.
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Report ◽  
True Conclusion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lord Chancellor ◽  
First Time

The number of persons in Great Britain registered as insane is now 62,023. Of these 54,713 are English and 7,310 Scotch. Ten years ago the numbers were 39,647 and 6,251, or 45,898 in all. An increase of 16,125 lunatics in ten years in this country is a most noteworthy fact. It has hitherto received no thoroughly satisfactory explanation. We can conceive of no question the solution of which would be more interesting medically, socially, and economically. It is to be earnestly hoped that the Commissioners in Lunacy will soon attempt it. They alone have the materials for working it out. They have already put forward partial explanations, or rather theories, supported by a certain amount of fact. But the subject in all its bearings is still in want of a satisfactory handling. All the facts and figures that bear on (1st) the cases registered as insane for the first time each year, (2nd) the mortality among the insane, (3rd) their mode of accommodation and treatment in each district from year to year, and (4th) the cases left as insane at the end of each year, would require to be ascertained and carefully considered before a true conclusion could be arrived at. Under the first heading a comparison of the numbers of well marked cases of the different varieties of recent insanity occurring each year would require to be made. And all the truth could not be got until a similar comparison of the varieties of chronic cases for the first time registered as insane each year was made, and also an attempt to discover the original forms of their insanity, the treatment to which they had been subjected, and its influence on their malady. Under the second heading, the death rate in each variety of insanity under the different kinds of treatment and distribution, the prospects of life and “natural termination” of the chronic cases, would have to be studied and compared with the numbers of new cases registered each year, and with the death rate and rapidity of increase of the population at large. The third point referred to would enable corrections to be made for certain counties in which changes in the accommodation for the insane had been made, and then all the preceding vital statistics applied to the figures under the fourth heading would bring out the whole truth in regard to the subject. In the Scotch report there is a new and able effort to take the question of age into account in dealing with the vital statistics of the insane; but unfortunately the chief value of the facts are not brought out, by not comparing them with the returns of the Registrar-General in regard to the numbers of the general population of different ages.

scholarly journals The Freezing-Point Curve of the System: Ortho-cresol–Naphthalene

1921 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Rhodes ◽  
F. E. Hance
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
Ortho Cresol

scholarly journals The Determination of Dendrite Coherency Point Characteristics Using Three New Methods for Aluminum Alloys

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iban Gómez ◽  
Ester Viteri ◽  
Jessica Montero ◽  
Mile Djurdjevic ◽  
Gerhard Huber
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Curves ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Dendrite Coherency Point ◽  
Zero Line ◽  
Coherency Point ◽  
Dendrite Coherency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crossing Point

The aim of this work is to give an overview of existing methods and to introduce three new methods for the determination of the Dendrite Coherency Point (DCP) for AlSi10Mg alloys, as well as to compare the acquired values of DCP based on a thermal analysis and on the analysis of cooling curves working with only one thermocouple. Additionally, the impact of alloying and contaminant elements on the DCP will be also studied. The first two proposed methods employ the higher order derivatives of the cooling curves. The DCP was determined as the crossing point of the second and third derivative curves plotted versus time (method 1) or that of the temperature (method 2) with the zero line just after the maximum liquidus temperature. The third proposed method is based on the determination of the crossing point of the third solid fraction derivative curve with the zero line, corresponding to a minimum of the second derivative. A Taguchi design for the experiments was developed to study the DCP values in the AlSi10Mg alloy. The DCP temperature values of the test alloys were compared with the DCP temperatures predicted by the previous methods and the influence of the major and minor alloying elements and contaminants over the DCP. The new processes obtained a correlation factor r2 from 0.954 and 0.979 and a standard deviation from 1.84 to 2.6 °C. The obtained correlation values are higher or similar than those obtained using previous methods with an easier way to define the DCP, allowing for a better automation of the accuracy of DCP determination. The use of derivative curves plotted versus temperature employed in the last two proposed methods, where the test samples did not have an influence over the registration curves, is proposed to have a better accuracy than those of the previously described methods.

The PVRC International Benchmark Project on Simplified Methods for Elevated Temperature Design and Analysis—An Update

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
D. H. Pai
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Life Prediction ◽  
Benchmark Problems ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
Inelastic Analysis ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Elevated Temperature Design

The Pressure Vessel Research Committee (PVRC) Subcommittee on Elevated Temperature Design has been actively engaged in an International Benchmark on Simplified Methods for Elevated Temperature Design. At the Third International Seminar on Inelastic Analysis and Life Prediction in High Temperature Environment held in conjunction with the 6th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT), August 1981, a progress report on the International Benchmark Project was first reported. This paper is an update of the results of that project. A brief description of the PVRC activities on Elevated Temperature Design is first given. The International Benchmark Problems I, II, and III will then be described. The comparisons between analyses and the recently released experimental results of the French Commissariat l’ Energie Atomique test on fluctuating sodium level in a pool reactor model is now included in this paper. Potential benchmark problems for future consideration by the Subcommittee are also mentioned.

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