The application and limitation of the use of X-rays in medical diagnosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 292 (1390) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Non Destructive

X-rays in medical diagnosis are normally used to obtain a visual image of the subject radiographed. The image results from the differential attenuation of the radiation which depends on the thickness, density and configuration of the organ irradiated and on the proportion and nature of the different chemical elements present. The nature of biological material is such that the contrast differentiation between organs or parts of an organ is frequently poor and despite methods to increase the contrast this remains one of the principal limitations. Other limitations are similar in many respects to those found when using X-rays for non-destructive testing but additional limitations are imposed since when living subjects are examined, movement of the subject can seldom be eliminated and, because radiation may be harmful, the dose must always be kept as low as reasonably practical. Further constraints are imposed by the high cost of some equipment and the shortage of qualified manpower to operate the equipment and interpret the findings. The number and type of examinations carried out may have to be limited in some very sick patients because they reach their limits of endurance. Practically every procedure therefore has to be a compromise between the advantages and the limitations imposed.

Non-Destructive Testing of Thermoplastic Carbon Composite Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-52
Author(s):  
Rafał Szymański
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Composite Panel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Pulse Technique ◽  
Thermoplastic Matrix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Non Destructive

AbstractThe article is in line with the contemporary interests of companies from the aviation industry. It describes thermoplastic material and inspection techniques used in leading aviation companies. The subject matter of non-destructive testing currently used in aircraft inspections of composite structures is approximated and each of the methods used is briefly described. The characteristics of carbon preimpregnates in thermoplastic matrix are also presented, as well as types of thermoplastic materials and examples of their application in surface ship construction. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations for these materials are listed. The focus was put on the explanation of the ultrasonic method, which is the most commonly used method during the inspection of composite structures at the production and exploitation stage. Describing the ultrasonic method, the focus was put on echo pulse technique and the use of modern Phased Array heads. Incompatibilities most frequently occurring and detected in composite materials with thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix were listed and described. A thermoplastic flat composite panel made of carbon pre-impregnate in a high-temperature matrix (over 300°C), which was the subject of the study, was described. The results of non-destructive testing (ultrasonic method) of thermoplastic panel were presented and conclusions were drawn.

The use of neutrons and monochromatic X-rays for non-destructive testing in geological materials

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 486-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Masschaele ◽  
M. Dierick ◽  
L. Van Hoorebeke ◽  
V. Cnudde ◽  
P. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Non Destructive

scholarly journals Application of Serpent Monte Carlo Code for Modeling of Non-destructive Systems Based on Backscattered X-Rays

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrii M. Bozhuk ◽  
Serhii Rostyslavovych Mikhailov ◽  
Olexandr R. Trofymenko
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Test Object ◽  
Radiation Source ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Non Destructive

Research of objects with unilateral access is a promising area for the development of non-destructive testing systems. To create a real system and determine its optimal parameters, it is important to conduct preliminary computer simulations. The paper is devoted to creating a model of a non-destructive system based on backscattered X-rays in the Serpent Monte Carlo code. There are no known studies of the use of Serpent software to build such models. The purpose of the study was to confirm the possibility of detecting a defect, i.e., a material of a different density than the test object, which was placed in this object. A model was created, the main components of which were the radiation source, the object under study, the defect, and the detector of backscattered radiation. Experiments were performed for several combinations of system parameters, in particular when changing the angle of illumination and the distance between the object and the detector. The energy of the radiation source used in the study was 100 keV. The test object of study was a steel plate, which contained a defect — a lead plate. Calculations were performed for six cases at illumination angles of 30 and 45 degrees (scattering angles of 120 and 135 degrees, respectively), and the distance between the object and the detector 1 and 5 cm. The detector was a plane that coincided with a NaI scintillation plate of 60 by 30 cm in size. It was conventionally divided into 1800 elements to detect the flux density of backscattered radiation. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results met theoretical expectations. In particular, the Compton equation was fulfilled, which states that as the cosine of the scattering angle \theta increases, the energy of scattered radiation also increases. In the case of θ = 1200, the average flux density of backscattered radiation recorded by the detector was 1.1*10-3 units per square centimeter per second, and in the case of θ = 1350, this value was 7.9*10-4. The results of the study can be used to build real non-destructive testing devices. These devices can be used in medicine, industry, and security systems. The model has some limitations. The radiation source in this model is monoenergetic, in contrast to classical X-ray systems, in which the radiation has a spectrum. Also, a defect is a plate of a large area, which is almost equal to the area of ​​the object under study. For practical use, the device must be capable to detect a defect many times smaller than the object under study, such as a void in the weld, a tumor in the human body, or smuggled substances. The model can be improved in the future.

scholarly journals RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE AS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHOD IN PROCESS PIPING

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Nondestructive Examination ◽  
Current Test ◽  
Radiographic Testing ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Non Destructive

Industry must have good quality for their services or products. One of the things that their have done is how to get the customer’s belief in their brand. Quality in every part has become the main case. Most of the companies in industry use metals as material to support their services. When the goods have been processed, it must continue with the testing. This is to prove that the goods have gone through the formation process fill in standard quality which required by the customer. There are two types of testing known as destructive testing and non-destructive testing. There are some of ways of non destructive testing methods on metals inspection has been applied in testing the quality of goods. Such as visual test, magnetic particle test, liquid penetrant, eddy current test, ultrasonic test, radiographic test in metals testing. Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. Radiographic Testing (RT) is a nondestructive examination technique that involves the use of either x-rays or gamma rays to view the internal structure of a component. In the petrochemical industry, Radiographic Testing is often used to inspect machinery, such as pressure vessels and valves, to detect for flaws. RT is also used to inspect weld repairs. Compared to other NDT techniques, radiography has several advantages. It is highly reproducible, can be used on a variety of materials, and the data gathered can be stored for later analysis.

X-Ray Induced Acoustic Computed Tomography for Non-Destructive Testing of Aircraft Structure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Tran ◽  
Pratik Samant ◽  
Liangzhong Xiang ◽  
Yingtao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Ultrasonic Transducers ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract For decades, aircraft disasters have always been a concern for airline companies and especially for consumers. Scientists all over the world have been constantly trying to study, discover and invent new methods for testing and prevention to reduce future aircraft accidents. One of those methods is non-destructive testing, which is a widely adaptive process for analyzing structural integrity over wide arrays of object. X-rays, ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) are non-destructive testing applications commonly used for the commercial aircraft maintenance. These non-destructive testing methods for aircraft structures give us high-quality images of structural damage but, there are some disadvantages related to resolution and the contrast mechanism of the image. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the concept of X-Ray Induced Acoustic Computed Tomography (XACT) imaging method for defect detection and localization through simulations using k-wave MATLAB toolbox. XACT is a technique based on the X-ray induced acoustic effect. In XACT, a short pulsed of X-rays are required to achieve thermal response and generate acoustic waves. X-ray travels to an object, the photons are absorbed causing the temperature in the object to raise, which generates acoustic waves due to thermoelastic expansion. These acoustic waves are then detected by ultrasonic transducers. Within the fuselage of the aircraft, the aircraft’s stiffener is designed using SolidWorks. along with two different types of defects through voids due to manufacturing imperfection process. As well as, cracks in the surface of the model due to mechanical failures are created in MATLAB. Two properties of Aluminum 6065 and Inconel 625 materials were selected for our simulation study since it is often used for the fuselage and/or aircraft engines. XACT images are generated under the combination of high X-ray absorption and ultrasonic transducers that will be able to overcome the disadvantages of the X-ray imaging technique and ultrasound imaging technique in image resolution and contrast mechanisms. The results from this simulation study demonstrate that the XACT method not only gives us high-resolution images but moreover, higher contrast of images that also allows us to detect position accuracy of the cons created.

Texture and Microstructure Imaging by the Moving Area Detector Method

2005 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Preusser ◽  
Helmut Klein ◽  
Hans Joachim Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Area Detector ◽  
Detector Method ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Non Destructive

Additional to the position of any volume element of a (poly)-crystalline material its crystal orientation must also be known. Both together are described in the six-dimensional orientation-location space. The paper describes the most frequent structures of materials in this space and how these can be imaged with the "Moving Area Detector Method" using hard synchrotron X-rays. This technique is equally well suited for basic reseach in materials science as well as for non-destructive testing of technological parts or even complex structural components.

scholarly journals Terahertz based non-destructive testing (NDT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Nüßler ◽  
Joachim Jonuscheit
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Hollow Structures ◽  
Terahertz Technology ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Made In

AbstractEstablished methods based on X-rays, ultrasound, thermography, eddy current, and optics are very effective in fault detection and structural analysis. However, these methods are limited for some applications, for example, the non-destructive testing of fiber-reinforced plastics, foams, and sandwich or hollow structures. In these cases, terahertz technology offers an innovative method to overcome these limitations. Tremendous advances have been made in this new technology in terms of their industrialization in recent years. This paper presents techniques for use in industrial applications.

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