Verification of greenhouse gas emission reductions: the prospect of atmospheric monitoring in polluted areas

Independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reporting is a legal requirement of the Kyoto Protocol, which has not yet been fully accomplished. Here, we show that dedicated long-term atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ), continuously conducted at polluted sites can provide the necessary tool for this undertaking. From our measurements at the semi-polluted Heidelberg site in the upper Rhine Valley, we find that in the catchment area CH 4 emissions decreased on average by 32±6% from the second half of the 1990s until the first half of the 2000s, but the observed long-term trend of emissions is considerably smaller than that previously reported for southwest Germany. In contrast, regional fossil fuel CO 2 levels, estimated from high-precision 14 CO 2 observations, do not show any significant decreasing trend since 1986, in agreement with the reported emissions for this region. In order to provide accurate verification, these regional measurements would best be accompanied by adequate atmospheric transport modelling as required to precisely determine the relevant catchment area of the measurements. Furthermore, reliable reconciliation of reported emissions will only be possible if these are known at high spatial resolution in the catchment area of the observations. This information should principally be available in all countries that regularly report their greenhouse gas emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Download Full-text

Low-Carbon Russia: Prospects after the Crisis

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2009-10-107-120 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 107-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. Bashmakov

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Potential Energy ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Modeling Tools ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Scenario Approach

On the eve of the worldwide negotiations of a new climate agreement in December 2009 in Copenhagen it is important to clearly understand what Russia can do to mitigate energy-related greenhouse gas emissions in the medium (until 2020) and in the long term (until 2050). The paper investigates this issue using modeling tools and scenario approach. It concludes that transition to the "Low-Carbon Russia" scenarios must be accomplished in 2020—2030 or sooner, not only to mitigate emissions, but to block potential energy shortages and its costliness which can hinder economic growth.

Download Full-text

Long-term greenhouse gas emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs in tropical forest regions

Global Biogeochemical Cycles ◽

10.1029/1998gb900015 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 503-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Corinne Galy-Lacaux ◽

Robert Delmas ◽

Georges Kouadio ◽

Sandrine Richard ◽

Philippe Gosse

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Hydroelectric Reservoirs ◽

Forest Regions

Download Full-text

ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE KALININGRAD REGION

10.33933/2074-2762-2020-58-94-110 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 94-110

Author(s):

N.V. Dvoeglazova ◽

B.V. Chubarenko ◽

Y.A. Kozlova

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Main Role ◽

Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Technology Improvement ◽

Kaliningrad Region

The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is influenced to a greater extent by a degree of development of industry, a growth of electrification, deforestation, and the burning of fuel for the production of heating and electricity. The contribution of emissions of each of these factors and the ratio of greenhouse gases in them should be taken into account when developing the measures to prevent climate change. According to calculations of emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region the burning of fuel and energy resources are supposed to be playing the main role in the greenhouse gas emission from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. In statistical reference books this activity is described as the “activities for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” The usage of this fuel in the energy sector is increasing: from 1742.4 thousand tons of standard fuel in 1991 up to 2193.9 in 2016. Such little increase in total emissions is due to the general technology improvement in the country. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. The percentage of the gases in the total volume is as follows: CO2 - 96.7%, CH4 - 1%, N2 O - 2.3%. Its emissions for the period from 2013 to 2016 varied from 3,757.4 in 2014 to 4,091.7 in 2015 thousand tons of standard fuel, reaching its maximum value in 2015. The estimate presented in this paper is a lower estimate, since it does not take into account emissions from industrial processes, leaks, land use, waste, etc., as well as from some categories of emission sources due to the lack of data on the use of fuel in the Kaliningrad region. Among other things, the calculations of emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the use of fuel by vehicles in 2016, which have shown to be 1.86 times less than from burning of fossil fuels for the same year (2032.87 Gg CO2 eq. and 3914.79 Gg CO2 eq., respectively) and to account for 34.5% of the total emissions, have been made. Moreover, according to the methodology for calculating emissions the factor of carbon dioxide absorption by the region’s forests has been taken into account. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by forests has shown to be only 11.9% of the emissions of this gas during the combustion of boiler and furnace fuel.

Download Full-text

Perceptions of Food Retailers Regarding Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review ◽

10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(3) ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 26-35

Author(s):

Ayanda Pamella Deliwe ◽

Shelley Beryl Beck ◽

Elroy Eugene Smith

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Retail Sector ◽

Food Retail ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Food Retailers ◽

The Impact

Objective – This paper sets out to assess perceptions of food retailers regarding climate change, greenhouse gas emission and sustainability in the Nelson Mandela Bay region of South Africa. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the food retailers’ greenhouse gas emissions strategies. Climate change catastrophic potential and the harmful effect that it has had on the community and businesses has led to it being given attention from social media and in literature. Methodology/Technique – This paper covered a literature review that provided the theoretical framework. The empirical study that was carried out included self-administered questionnaires which were distributed to 120 food retailers who were selected from the population using convenience sampling. Findings - The results revealed that most of the respondents were neutral towards the impact of operational factors regarding GHG emission in the food retail sector. Novelty - There is limited research that has been conducted among food retailers from the designated population. The study provided guidelines that will be of assistance to food retailers when dealing with climate change and greenhouse gas emissions impact in the food retail sector. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: L66, Q54, Q59. Keywords: Climate Change; Food Retailers; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Perceptions; Strategies; Sustainability Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Deliwe, A.P; Beck, S.B; Smith, E.E. (2021). Perceptions of Food Retailers Regarding Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Journal of Business and Economics Review, 5(4) 26–35. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(3)

Download Full-text

A proposed fuel cell vehicle for reducing CO2 emissions and its contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v3i2.2349 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 252 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed Mourad

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Fuel Cells ◽

Fuel Cell ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽

Fuel Cell Vehicles ◽

Gas Emissions

Because of their high efficiency and low emissions, fuel cell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development. When considering the introduction of advanced vehicles, a complete evaluation must be performed to determine the potential impact of a technology on carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gases emissions. However, the reduction of CO2 emission from the vehicle became the most important objective for all researches institutes of vehicle technologies worldwide. There interest recently to find unconventional methods to reduce greenhouse gas emission from vehicle to keep the environment clean. This paper offers an overview and simulation study to fuel cell vehicles, with the aim of introducing their main advantages and evaluates their influence on emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel cell vehicle and compares advanced propulsion technologies on a well-to-wheel energy basis by using current technology for conventional and fuel cell. The results indicate that the use of fuel cells, and especially fuel cells that consume hydrogen, provide a good attempt for enhancing environment quality and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, the emission reduction percentage of fuel cell vehicle reaches to 64% comparing to the conventional vehicle. Keywords: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, Performance, Simulation, Driving Cycle, CO2 Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Fuel Consumption.

Download Full-text

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENERGY TRANSITION IN PAKISTAN

International Journal of Big Data Mining for Global Warming ◽

10.1142/s2630534819500062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 01 (02) ◽

pp. 1950006

Author(s):

ARSHAD RAZA ◽

RAOOF GHOLAMI ◽

MINOU RABIEI ◽

VAMEGH RASOULI ◽

REZA REZAEE

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Energy System ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Energy Conversion Systems ◽

Near Future ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

Pakistan is ranked in the 7th position among the affected countries by climate changes. Although many studies have been done on the impacts of climate change in Pakistan, little attention has been given to the need for an energy transition and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in this country. This study highlights the needs of the national energy transition in Pakistan to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Considering the fact that natural gas has lower greenhouse gas emission than coal or oil, Pakistan needs to shift its energy system towards natural gas in the near future. Meanwhile, Pakistan government should take key measures and revise energy policies to support such energy transition by making large gas discoveries, increasing energy conversion systems, and implementing renewable and sustainable energies.

Download Full-text

Simulating Long-Term Development of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Plant Biomass, and Soil Moisture of a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem under Elevated Atmospheric CO2

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10010050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Ralf Liebermann ◽

Lutz Breuer ◽

Tobias Houska ◽

David Kraus ◽

Gerald Moser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Atmospheric Co2 ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Co2 Concentrations

The rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have effects on the worldwide ecosystems such as an increase in biomass production as well as changing soil processes and conditions. Since this affects the ecosystem’s net balance of greenhouse gas emissions, reliable projections about the CO2 impact are required. Deterministic models can capture the interrelated biological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes under changing CO2 concentrations if long-term observations for model testing are provided. We used 13 years of data on above-ground biomass production, soil moisture, and emissions of CO2 and N2O from the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) grassland experiment in Giessen, Germany. Then, the LandscapeDNDC ecosystem model was calibrated with data measured under current CO2 concentrations and validated under elevated CO2. Depending on the hydrological conditions, different CO2 effects were observed and captured well for all ecosystem variables but N2O emissions. Confidence intervals of ensemble simulations covered up to 96% of measured biomass and CO2 emission values, while soil water content was well simulated in terms of annual cycle and location-specific CO2 effects. N2O emissions under elevated CO2 could not be reproduced, presumably due to a rarely considered mineralization process of organic nitrogen, which is not yet included in LandscapeDNDC.

Download Full-text

Fisheries for the future: greenhouse gas emission consequences of different fishery reference points

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsaa077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 1666-1671

Author(s):

Sara Hornborg ◽

Anthony D M Smith

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Fuel Efficiency ◽

Fishing Effort ◽

Reference Points ◽

Production Model ◽

Fuel Use ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Fishing Vessels

Abstract Global fisheries have for long been scrutinized in terms of ecosystem effects but only more recently for their greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are dominated by fuel use on fishing vessels and the levels are often neglected side effects of resource overexploitation. Using a simple production model, Pella-Tomlinson, we illustrate how fuel efficiency (fuel use per unit of catch) varies with the level of exploitation and biomass depletion. For this model, fuel use per unit catch rises hyperbolically with fishing effort—it is relatively flat at low levels of effort but rises steeply as effort increases and biomass and catch decline. In light of these findings, the general fuel efficiency relationship with common fishery reference points on stock status is discussed, as well as other means of reducing fuel use and thus greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude that much may be gained by considering fuel efficiency in setting reference points for target stock biomass in fisheries and encourage further investigations.

Download Full-text