scholarly journals VIII. On the fossil flora of the forest of Dean Coalfield (Gloucestershire), and the relationships of the Coalfields of the West of England and South Wales

1912 ◽  
Vol 202 (282-293) ◽  
pp. 233-281 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Coal Measures

The Forest of Dean lies in a somewhat out-of-the-way corner of Gloucestershire, West of the Severn, and is bounded on the North-west by Herefordshire, and on the West and South by Monmouthshire and the Wye. The nearest coalfield is to the North, where a small area of Upper Carboniferous rocks occurs at Newent, also in Gloucestershire. The Bristol and Badstock coalfields lie some little distance to the South, and still further to the West is the great basin of South Wales. The Forest of Dean is remarkable for the simplicity of the structure of the Carboniferous area. As is well known, the basin is the most symmetrical in England, the beds, very little disturbed by faulting or folding, having, for the most part, a very regular outcrop. From the mining point of view, the entire absence of fire-damp and the consequent use of naked lights below ground, as is also the case in the Badstock coalfield, is remarkable. The Coal Measures, which occupy an area of about 16,700 acres, overlie beds which have long been spoken of as Millstone Grits, and these, with the Carboniferous Lime­-stone, form the elevated rim of the field, except for a short distance in the South-east, where the Coal Measures overstep both the so-called Millstone Grits and the Carboniferous Limestone (see p. 269). The latter has a much less regular distribution than the “Millstone Grits,” and a considerable development of the Limestone series is found to the North and West of the Forest, and this is continuous with a long tongue of Lower Carboniferous stretching South to Chepstow, and then South-west in the direction of Newport.

V.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Good Feature ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Lower Keuper ◽  
Coal Measures

This district is bounded on the north by the Coalville and Ashby line, on the west and south by the county boundaries, on the east by the Shackerstone and Market Bosworth lines. In the north are exposures of Coal-measures, Permian breccias, and Bunter, which the Trias in turn rests upon unconformably. The Lower Keuper forms a long tract on the west not more than two miles in breadth, forming a good feature, the sandstones giving rise to scarps, whilst the Red Mail occupies the rest of the district to the east. On the south-west beds of sandstone form marked features, which also give rise to bold escarpments, whilst the Red Marl itself constitutes a uniform plateau with little or no variation in heights. There are few exposures in the marls, which on the extreme east are covered by a mantle of Boulder-clay and sands. The River Sence and the Sence Brook, however, cut down to the lower parts of the Red Marl, and a good deal of alluvium fills the valleys to the south. The altitude over most of this ground rises uniformly above 300 feet, and in some parts to over 400, rarely sinking below 250. A ridge of hills is formed by the Orton Sandstone striking north-west and south-east, and another ridge meets it at right angles from Market Bosworth.

The Chambered Barrow in Parc Le Breos Cwm, S. Wales

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn Daniel
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Subject ◽  
G 11 ◽  
Happy Valley ◽  
Small Valley

Parc Le Breos House stands in the south and centre of the Gower peninsula in West Glamorgan, about a mile north-west of Parkmill and a mile north of Penmaen, two small villages on the main road from Swansea westwards to Port Eynon and Rhossili. In the extensive woods surrounding the house is a small valley leading from Llethrid in the north to Parkmill in the south, and variously known as Parc le Breos Cwm, Parc Cwm, Green Cwm, and Happy Valley. A rough track leads up this valley from Parkmill to Green Cwm cottage, and, immediately to the west of this track and a little over half-a-mile north-west of Parkmill is the chambered barrow which forms the subject of this paper. Iron railings run round the greater part of the barrow, and inside these railings the barrow is covered with a heavy growth of trees. The sides of the Cwm are heavily wooded but the valley bottom is free from trees and the barrow thus stands out very clearly. It lies about a mile and a half from the sea at Oxwich Bay, and a little over fifty feet above sea-level. It is in the parish of Penmaen and is marked as ‘Tumulus’ on the current 6 inch (Glam. 22 S.W.) and 1 inch (100 G 11) maps; it is number IOI on the recently published Map of South Wales showing the distribution of Long Barrows and Megaliths, and number 122 in Mr Grimes's recent paper in these Proceedings.

scholarly journals X. The fossil flora of the culm measures of North-west Devon, and the palœobotanical evidence with regard to the age of the beds

1905 ◽  
Vol 197 (225-238) ◽  
pp. 291-325 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
The South ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Remains

The deposits of Upper Palæozoic age in the south-west of England differ remarkably in their general characters from those developed on the north side of the Bristol Channel. This conclusion applies not only to the Devonian rocks, but also to the succeeding Carboniferous series. In South Wales and Monmouth, the Devonian beds are of the Old Red Sandstone type, whereas, the Devonian succession of North Devon exhibits a marked, though not an entire change, in both petrological characters and palæontological facies; a change which becomes even more marked in the series of limestones, volcanic, and detrital deposits developed in the southern portion of that county. The South Wales coalfield, the largest and most important productive measures in this country, consists of a sequence of coal-bearing strata, resting upon beds of Lower Carboniferous age, for the most part similar in character to those occurring in our other English coalfields. In Devonshire, and in portions of the neighbouring counties of Somerset and Cornwall, a Carboniferous basin of considerable size is developed, occupying more than 1,200 square miles. In many important respects these rocks again differ somewhat markedly from their equivalents in South Wales. They form a succession of deposits of a somewhat abnormal type; being composed of sediments of extremely varied nature and origin, both detrital and organic. They are especially characterised by a general absence of carbonaceous material of any economic importance. These Carboniferous rocks are spoken of as the Culm Measures, a name first applied to them by Sedgwick and Murchison in 1837. These authors in their classic memoir, published in 1840, gave the first accurate description of the physical structure of the beds, and proved conclusively their Carboniferous age. It may be pointed out, however, that De la Beche, in 1834, was the first to indicate the Upper Carboniferous age of that portion of the Culm Measures which forms the subject of this memoir; his conclusion being based on plant remains identified by Professor Lindley. De la Beche also added considerably to our knowledge of the Culm Measures in his ‘Report on the Geology of Cornwall and Devon,’ published in 1839. Since then, John Phillips, Holl, T. M. Hall, and others, and, in more recent times, Messrs. Hinde and Fox, and Mr. Ussher, have all contributed important information on this subject.

A Reinterpretation of the Microlithic Industries of Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Wales ◽  
River Valleys

The distribution of Mesolithic sites in Wales is controlled to a great extent by the terrain, for physiographically, Wales is a highland block defined on three sides by the sea and for the greater part of the fourth side by a sharp break of slope. Geologically the Principality is composed almost entirely of Palaeozoic rocks, of which the 600-foot contour encloses more than three quarters of the total area. There are extensive regions above 1,500 feet and 2,000 feet and in the north the peaks of Snowdonia and Cader Idris rise to 3,560 feet and 2,929 feet respectively. Indeed North Wales consists of an inhospitable highland massif, skirted by a lowland plateau and cut deeply by river valleys, providing only limited areas for settlement. The hills and mountains of Snowdonia with their extension at lower altitudes into the Lleyn Peninsula, and the ranges of Moelwyn, Manod Mawr, Arenig Fach and Cader Idris, are discouraging obstacles to penetration, save for a short distance along the river valleys. To the east of these peaks are extensive tracts of upland plateau dissected by rivers, bounded on the west by the vale of the river Conway and cleft by the Vale of Clwyd. To the east of this valley lies the Clwydian Range and further again to the east these uplands descend with milder contours to the Cheshire and Shropshire plains.To the south the district merges into the uplands of Central Wales, which are continuous until they are replaced by the lowland belt of South Wales.

IV.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Black Shales ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
East End

Although the Rhætic beds are not exposed continuously along the eastern boundary of the Keuper outcrop, they have been proved at many points from the River Trent in the north on the Nottinghamshire border to Glen Parva in the south. South of this point there is so much drift, and borings within the Liassic outcrop have been so isolated or shallow, that there is a gap in our knowledge of the intervening ground between the last point and the Rugby district. The Countesthorpe boring, carried to a depth of over 600 feet, encountered Upper Keuper beneath the Drift, with no intervening Rhætics. Commencing in the north in the Gotham district the two outliers are capped above the Red Marl and Tea-green Marl with Rhætic beds, and Lower Lias Limestone (Ps. planorbe zone) above. At Ash Spinney at the south end of the southern outlier, and at the east end of Crownend Wood, Black Shales with Avicula contorta crop out; and on the west side septaria are seen. On the north-west side of the northern outlier at Cottager's Hill Protocardium phillipianum has been found in a well-section near the lane. Rhætic shales are seen in the shafts driven for gypsum works about Gotham.

The armies of the Ṣaffārids

1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Bosworth
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
The North ◽  
Frontier Region ◽  
Short Time

It is not too much to describe the Ṣaffārids of S‚stān as an archetypal military dynasty. In the later years of the third/ninth century, their empire covered the greater part of the non-Arab eastern Islamic world. In the west, Ya'qūb. al-Laith's army was only halted at Dair al-'Āqūl, 50 miles from Baghdad; in the north, Ya'qūb and his brother 'Arm campaigned in the Caspian coastlands against the local 'Alids, and 'Amr made serious attempts to extend his power into Khwārazm and Transoxania; in the east, the two brothers pushed forward the frontiers of the Dār al-Islām into the pagan borderlands of what are now eastern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier region of West Pakistan; and in the south, Ṣaffārid authority was acknowledged even across the persion Gulf in ‘Umān. This impressive achievement was the work of two soldiers of genius, Ya'qūub and 'Amr, and lasted for little more than a quarter of a century. It began to crumble when in 287/900 the Sāmānid Amīr Ismā'īl b. Aḥmad defeated arid captured ‘Amr b. al-Laith, and 11 years later, the core of the empire, Sīstān itself, was in Sāmānid hands. Yet such was the effect in Sīstān of the Ṣaffārid brothers’ achievement, and the stimulus to local pride and feeling which resulted from it, that the Ṣaffārids returned to power there in a very short time. For several more centuries they endured and survived successive waves of invaders of Sīstān—the Ghaznavids, the Seljūqs, the Mongols—and persisted down to the establishment of the Ṣafavid state in Persia.

scholarly journals XXVI.—On the Fossil Flora of the South Wales Coal Field, and the Relationship of its Strata to the Somerset and Bristol Coal Field

1895 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kidston
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
The South ◽  
White Ash ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
The Relationship

The Coal Measures of the South Wales Coal Field fall into three well-marked divisions:—I. The Upper Pennant or Upper Penllergare Series.II. The Lower Pennant Series.III. The White Ash Series.In 1885 I paid a visit to this Coal Field, with the object of studying its Fossil Flora, hoping by this means to ascertain the relative position of the Welsh Coal Measures to those of the other Coal Fields of Britain.

A Note on an Arthropod from the South Wales Coalfield

1932 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 275-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Dix ◽  
S. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
University College ◽  
The University ◽  
Coal Measures

A SMALL Arthropod was discovered by one of us (S. H. J.) in the course of investigations of the Coal Measures of the area around Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, on the north crop of the South Wales Coalfield. It is preserved in a fine grained, light blue shale from the roof of the Little Vein (lower part of the Pulchra Zone of Davies and Trueman), at the Blaina Colliery, Pantyffnon, about one mile south-west of Ammanford. The specimen is in the collection of the University College of Swansea, No. A. 152.

GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
R. Smith ◽  
P. Kamerling
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
North West ◽  
Carbonate Sedimentation ◽  
The North ◽  
Great Australian Bight

Geophysical exploration carried out in the Great Australian Bight since 1966, combined with geological fieldwork in the adjacent land areas, has made it possible to outline the broad geological framework of the area.The "basement" consists of two major units, an offshore extension of the locally metamorphic Cambrian Kanmantoo Group in the south-east and the extension of the West Australian Archaean shield in the north-west. The boundary is thought to follow a trend extending westerly from the Cygnet-Snelling fault zone on Kangaroo Island.In two areas the basement has been downfaulted, thus creating depositional areas for thick sequences of sediments, namely the Elliston trough to the west of Eyre Peninsula and the Duntroon basin, south of Eyre Peninsula and west of Kangaroo Island.The geological setting of the Duntroon basin appears to be comparable with the Otway basin and a Jurassic- Cretaceous age is assumed for the folded sequence of sediments overlying the basement and underlying the Tertiary with angular unconformity. The basin was possibly partially and temporarily closed to the south and open to marine influences from the west.In the Elliston trough the lower part of the section which has low to medium velocity seismic character, is probably Mesozoic, as is evidenced by the Upper Jurassic encountered in its onshore extension. Proterozoic-Cambrian sediments may overlie the basement in the eastern part of the trough. Deformation of the Mesozoic is limited to the mouth of the trough where there is indication of a base- Tertiary unconformity. This trough was probably also open to marine influences to the west.Along the continental margin between the basins and also south of the Eucla basin a thin Mesozoic section, conformably underlying the Tertiary, is probably present, gradually thickening towards the continental slope.In the onshore area Tertiary sedimentation started with local deposition of clastics during the Middle Eocene, which also may have been the case off the Eucla basin, in the Elliston trough and in the Duntroon basin. Carbonate sedimentation took place from the Middle-Upper Eocene onwards, to reach its widest areal extent during the Lower Miocene. A hiatus during the Oligocene may have occurred in the western part of the Bight as is the case in the Eucla basin.Only weak deformation of the Tertiary in the offshore area has been observed. This generally occurs over Mesozoic structures in the Duntroon basin and as draping over topographic basement highs at the mouth of the Elliston trough.No significant hydrocarbon indications are known from the surrounding land areas, but the well-documented bitumen strandings along the coast point to offshore seepages indicating generation of hydrocarbons in the general area.At this stage prospects must be regarded as speculative.although a folded probable Mesozoic sequence forms an objective in the Duntroon basin while prospective Mesozoic-Tertiary section appears to be present in the Elliston trough, where structural evaluation is still at a relatively early stage.

The Bullae of Gobekly-depe

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
VASIF GAIBOV
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North

This chapter describes the bullae or collection of imprints of seals on clay found at the Gobekly-depe in the Merv Oasis. The majority of bullae from Gobekly were found in the north and west corridors and in the north-west room of the Parthian building, and a few bullae were also recorded in the south courtyard, adjacent to the west corridor, which came in various shapes and sizes. The chapter also describes a small group of bullae found on the floor of the courtyard that showed a scene with figures standing either side of a fire altar, representing a scene of the investiture of a king by a female deity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document