scholarly journals XXVI.—On the Fossil Flora of the South Wales Coal Field, and the Relationship of its Strata to the Somerset and Bristol Coal Field

1895 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kidston
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
The South ◽  
White Ash ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
The Relationship

The Coal Measures of the South Wales Coal Field fall into three well-marked divisions:—I. The Upper Pennant or Upper Penllergare Series.II. The Lower Pennant Series.III. The White Ash Series.In 1885 I paid a visit to this Coal Field, with the object of studying its Fossil Flora, hoping by this means to ascertain the relative position of the Welsh Coal Measures to those of the other Coal Fields of Britain.

V.—On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields

1892 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kidston
Keyword(s):  
Geological Structure ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coal Fields

The present paper is the second of the series dealing with the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields. As in previous memoirs, I give a short sketch of the Geology of the coal field, merely for the purpose of indicating the relationship of the beds to each other, from which the fossils have been derived.Various memoirs dealing with the geological structure and resources of the Potteries Coal Field have already appeared, but in these the names applied to the different groups of strata which compose the Potteries Coal Field have generally special application to the local geological features, and do not treat of the Coal Field in its wider relationship, when considered as only forming a part of the Coal Measures as developed in Britain. A similar course has usually been taken in the published memoirs of other British Coal Fields, which makes a comparison of their relative ages, from the data given, very difficult.Although the Mollusea have usually been collected and examined, from their great vertical distribution—in some cases extending throughout the whole range of carboniferous rocks—they as a whole afford little data for the determination of the divisions of the Coal Measures, and unfortunately the fossil plants appear to have received little attention when the memoirs of the various coal fields were being prepared.

scholarly journals On the Geology of the Beaufort and Ebbw Vale District of the South Wales Coal-Field

The Geologist ◽  
1858 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
George Phillips Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Health It ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
The South ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
General Appearance

In my former paper I endeavoured to describe the general appearance and characteristics of the limestone, millstone grit, and Pennant rocks of this coal-field, and shall now proceed to give a brief outline of the coal measures themselves and their fossil contents. As I stated before, the character of the coal is materially different in different parts of the basin; for instance, if a line be drawn from Merthyr to the sea in a south-western direction, it will divide the basin into two unequal portions, the eastern one containing bituminous coal, and the western the anthracite. I do not mean to say that there is an exact line of demarcation between the two kinds of coal, but merely that such a boundary will seem to show pretty well where the two qualities pass into one another. Curiously enough, too, in the western or anthracite portion the seams are anthracitic in the northern bassets, while the southern outcrops of the same veins are bituminous. The anthracite is now in very great demand; but, formerly, people would have nothing to do with it, and there was even a law passed to prevent its being burned in London, on account of its supposed noxious qualities, and the idea that it was detrimental to health. It differs from the bituminous coal principally in containing more carbon, less bituminous matter, and less ashes; and, as a consequence, is a much cleaner-burning coal. We may, however, dismiss the anthracite, as this portion of the field is destitute of it.

scholarly journals On the Marine Shells of the South Wales Coal-Basin

The Geologist ◽  
1858 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 505-509
Author(s):  
G. P. Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Regular Sequence ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
Rock Series ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Complete Section ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
Coal Measures

Until of late years, the South Wales coal-field was considered to be very barren in fossils, and those few which were known were all thought to be of land or fresh-water origin. During my endeavours to work out the geology of this district for the last four years, I have, however, discovered sufficient to redeem it from such a reproach, and to prove that not only are there fossils, but that these are even in great numbers and variety.The basin, which occupies portions of Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire, Breconshire, and Carmarthenshire, may be separated into two great divisions, both geologically and chemically. The first is the division into upper and lower coal-measures, separated by a thick mass of Pennant sandstone, or grit, while the chemical is the division into bituminous and anthracitic coals. The upper measures are principally found in Glamorgan and Carmarthenshires, the only coal-seam of that series in Monmouthshire, being known as the Mynyddswlyn vein. Westward of the Taff, however, which is the boundary between the two countries, the upper measures appear more frequently, and in more regular sequence; while, in Carmarthenshire, we obtain a complete section of these beds down to the Pennant rock, in the neighbourhoods of Llanelly, Penllergare, and Lloughor. The middle, or Pennant rock series attains its greatest development at Swansea, where it is 3,000 feet in thickness, and presents several important beds of coal; but in the eastern portion of this field they are very much thinner, and contain little or no workable coal. The summits of the hills which bound the parallel valleys on the north crop, are nearly all capped with this grit, which adds much to the peculiar configuration of the country, and gives a certain identity of outline to its general features.

VI.—The Occurrence of Anthracomya Phillipsi in the Durham Coalfield

1905 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 506-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Coal Measure ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Coal Measures

This important Coal-measure zonal Lamellibranch has already been recorded from the Yorkshire and Nottingham Coalfield (Cadeby and Gedling Colliery respectively), the Lancashire Coal-field (Ardwick, Manchester), the North Staffordshire Coalfield generally, the Forest of Dean and Bristol Coalfields, the South Wales Coalfield; and in all these widely separated districts it is found at the top of that portion of the Coal-measures characterised by the presence of the most valuable seams of coal.

Notes on the Millstone Grit of the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield

1929 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Evans ◽  
R. O. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coal Measure ◽  
The South ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Coal Measures

The precise age of the Millstone Grit of South Wales has been in doubt for some years. Although it has been shown to be of Upper Carboniferous age, it has been uncertain whether the whole of the earliest part of the Upper Carboniferous is represented by deposits in southern Britain. Some part of the Millstone Grit of Pembrokeshire has been regarded, on the basis of its flora, as of Middle Coal Measure or Yorkian age (Goode, 1913, p. 272). Similar conclusions have been reached by Dr. R. Crookall concerning part of the Millstone Grit of Somerset (1925, p. 403). As yet, the flora characteristic of the Lanarkian of northern Britain has not been proved to be present in South Wales and elsewhere in south Britain. On the other hand, it has been argued that the absence of a Lanarkian flora does not necessarily imply an important break in the sequence, since recent work on the lamellibranch fauna of various British coalfields points to the conclusion that the lowest part of the Lower Coal Series of South Wales is of approximately the same age as the Lower Coal Measures of northern England (Davies and Trueman, 1927, p. 253).

scholarly journals VIII. On the fossil flora of the forest of Dean Coalfield (Gloucestershire), and the relationships of the Coalfields of the West of England and South Wales

1912 ◽  
Vol 202 (282-293) ◽  
pp. 233-281 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Coal Measures

The Forest of Dean lies in a somewhat out-of-the-way corner of Gloucestershire, West of the Severn, and is bounded on the North-west by Herefordshire, and on the West and South by Monmouthshire and the Wye. The nearest coalfield is to the North, where a small area of Upper Carboniferous rocks occurs at Newent, also in Gloucestershire. The Bristol and Badstock coalfields lie some little distance to the South, and still further to the West is the great basin of South Wales. The Forest of Dean is remarkable for the simplicity of the structure of the Carboniferous area. As is well known, the basin is the most symmetrical in England, the beds, very little disturbed by faulting or folding, having, for the most part, a very regular outcrop. From the mining point of view, the entire absence of fire-damp and the consequent use of naked lights below ground, as is also the case in the Badstock coalfield, is remarkable. The Coal Measures, which occupy an area of about 16,700 acres, overlie beds which have long been spoken of as Millstone Grits, and these, with the Carboniferous Lime­-stone, form the elevated rim of the field, except for a short distance in the South-east, where the Coal Measures overstep both the so-called Millstone Grits and the Carboniferous Limestone (see p. 269). The latter has a much less regular distribution than the “Millstone Grits,” and a considerable development of the Limestone series is found to the North and West of the Forest, and this is continuous with a long tongue of Lower Carboniferous stretching South to Chepstow, and then South-west in the direction of Newport.

scholarly journals On Newcomb's method of investigating periodicities and its application to Brückner's weather cycle

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (619) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Numerical Work ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Great Simplicity

During the last few years of his life Prof. Simon Newcomb was keenly interested in the problem of periodicities, and devised a new method for their investigation. This method is explained, and to some extent applied, in a paper entitled "A Search for Fluctuations in the Sun's Thermal Radiation through their Influence on Terrestrial Temperature." The importance of the question justifies a critical examination of the relationship of the older methods to that of Newcomb, and though I do not agree with his contention that his process gives us more than can be obtained from Fourier's analysis, it has the advantage of great simplicity in its numerical work, and should prove useful in a certain, though I am afraid, very limited field. Let f ( t ) represent a function of a variable which we may take to be the time, and let the average value of the function be zero. Newcomb examines the sum of the series f ( t 1 ) f ( t 1 + τ) + f ( t 2 ) f ( t 2 + τ) + f ( t 3 ) f ( t 3 + τ) + ..., where t 1 , t 2 , etc., are definite values of the variable which are taken to lie at equal distances from each other. If the function be periodic so as to repeat itself after an interval τ, the products are all squares and each term is positive. If, on the other hand, the periodic time be 2τ, each product will be negative and the sum itself therefore negative. It is easy to see that if τ be varied continuously the sum of the series passes through maxima and minima, and the maxima will indicated the periodic time, or any of its multiples.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being: Testing Alternative Sociological Interpretations

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
William McTeer ◽  
James E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Zero ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between physical activity in sport and feelings of well-being, testing alternative interpretations of the relationship between these two variables. It was expected that there would be positive relationships between physical activity on the one hand and physical fitness, feelings of well-being, social interaction in the sport and exercise environment, and socioeconomic status on the other hand. It was also expected that physical fitness, social interaction, and socioeconomic status would be positively related to psychological well-being. Further, it was expected that any positive zero-order relationship of physical activity and well-being would be at least in part a result of the conjoint effects of the other variables. The analyses were conducted separately for the male and female subsamples of a large survey study of Canadian adults. The results, after controls, show a modest positive relationship of physical activity and well-being for males but no such relationship for females. The predicted independent effects of the control factors obtained for both males and females. Interpretations of the results are discussed.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION OF THE FEEDING TO THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Herbert I. Goldman ◽  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Hedda Acs ◽  
Eli Seifter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One hundred four healthy premature infants, of birth weight 1,000 to 1,800 gm, were fed one of five feedings: (1) human milk; (2) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride; (3) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride and 18 meq/l of potassium chloride; (4) a half-skimmed cows milk formula; and (5) a partially-skimmed vegetable oil, cows milk formula. The infants fed any of the three human milk formulas gained weight at a slower rate than the infants fed either of the two cows milk formulas. Infants whose diets were changed from unmodified human milk to the half-skimmed cows milk gained large amounts of weight, and at times were visibly edematous. Infants whose diets were changed from the human milks with added sodium chloride, to the half-skimmed cows milk, gained lesser amounts of weight and did not become edematous. The infants fed the two cows milk diets gained similar amounts of weight, although one diet provided 6.5 gm/kg/day, the other 3.1 gm/kg/day of protein.

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