Increasing productivity. Crop physiology and nutrition

1973 ◽  
Vol 267 (882) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Crop Physiology ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Tuber Bulking ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Early Leaf Senescence

In the context of physiology and nutrition, many of the treatments which affect crop yields do so by influencing either the total photosynthesis per unit area of land or the partition of assimilates within the plant or both. Examples are given to illustrate the inter-relationships of nutrition, crop physiology, leaf growth and yields in cereals, grasses, potatoes and sugar beet which represent four very different models of crop growth. In each case limitations to yield are discussed but the main emphasis is on those points where there seems to be promise for future practical application to give improved yields, for example by changing models, the use of growth regulators, the time of supply and quantity of plant nutrients especially nitrogen and the timing of husbandry operations which these changes will permit and demand. With cereals the main aim should be to extend the interval between anthesis and time of ripening, with potatoes to break the apparent linkage between early tuber initiation and early leaf senescence to give a longer period of tuber bulking, with sugar beet to advance leaf growth earlier in the season and to control the partition of assimilates between leaves and storage roots and with grassland to replace inferior species with better ones.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate remobilization from storage root to leaves after a stress release in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): experimental and modelling approaches

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LAUNAY ◽  
A.-I. GRAUX ◽  
N. BRISSON ◽  
M. GUERIF
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Stress Release ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Modelling Approaches

SUMMARYCarbohydrate remobilization from the sugar beet storage root to support leaf regrowth after release from water stress was demonstrated by experimental and modelling approaches. Experimental trials were carried out in northern France in 1994 and 1995 and in southern France in 2005, in conditions that involved a succession of soil moisture stresses and re-hydrations. Drought stress slowed leaf growth and the subsequent release of stress resulted in regrowth. A second trial showed that after total defoliation, sugar beet was able to produce new leaves. It was assumed that this leaf renewal, observed at drought stress release or after defoliation, relied on the possibility of remobilizing carbohydrates from storage roots to above-ground organs. This assumption was tested through a heuristic modelling approach, involving the STICS crop model and its existing sub-model on remobilization. The relevance of these formalizations for sugar beet was tested on the experimental data to validate the plant behaviour concerning remobilization. The model succeeded in reproducing leaf area index (LAI) dynamic trends and particularly leaf re-growth after drought stress release or defoliation, despite an over-estimation of the drought stress effect involving an inaccurate simulation of the changes in LAI. Nevertheless, the model's ability to forecast accurately above-ground and storage root dry weight, as well as trends in LAI dynamics, showed that the assumptions made about remobilization were able to explain sugar beet behaviour.

Sugar beet from field clamps -harvest quality and storage loss

2018 ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
Commercial Sugar ◽  
And Storage ◽  
High Storage

Harvest quality of sugar beet varies according to soil conditions, harvester type and setting, and variety, too. Harvest quality may affect storage losses, in particular when injuries occur. To determine the harvest quality of commercial sugar beet and to quantify resulting storage losses, 92 commercial sugar beet clamps were sampled across Germany and information about harvest conditions were gathered. At IfZ, soil tare, leaf residues, topping diameter, root tip breakage and surface damage of the beets were determined. The beets were stored in 6 replicates in a climate container at 9°C for 10 weeks. The results demonstrate a rather good harvesting quality of sugar beet in Germany. Soil moisture at harvest did not affect harvest quality and storage losses. Very light, but also heavier soils lead to inferior harvest quality (soil tare, root tip breakage, damage) and slightly higher storage losses compared to the typical loam soils. Significant differences occurred between the three harvester types (companies). In general, high root tip breakage and severe surface damage of the beet was related to a high infestation with mould and rots, high invert sugar contents after storage and high sugar losses. Out of the five most planted varieties, in particular one turned out to be very susceptible to damage, resulting in high storage losses. The factor analysis suggests that the effect of harvester / harvester setting and of variety is more important for harvest quality and storage losses of sugar beet than soil conditions at harvest. Therefore, attention should be paid to optimize these conditions.

scholarly journals Potato growth, photosynthesis, yield, and quality response to regulated deficit drip irrigation under film mulching in a cold and arid environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuqiang Li ◽  
Haoliang Deng ◽  
Yucai Wang ◽  
Xuan Li ◽  
Xietian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Tuber Bulking ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Potato Growth

AbstractThe effects of the amount and timing of regulated deficit drip irrigation under plastic film on potato (‘Qingshu 168’) growth, photosynthesis, yield, water use efficiency, and quality were examined from 2017 to 2019 in cold and arid northwestern China. In the four stages of potato growth (seedling, tuber initiation, tuber bulking, starch accumulation), eight treatments were designed, with a mild deficit was in treatments WD1 (seedling), WD2 (tuber initiation), WD3 (tuber bulking), and WD4 (starch accumulation); and a moderate deficit in WD5 (seedling), WD6 (tuber initiation), WD7 (tuber bulking), and WD8 (starch accumulation). The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased significantly under water deficit in the tuber formation and starch accumulation stages. Although water deficit reduced potato yields, a mild deficit in the seedling stage resulted in the highest yield and water use efficiency at 43,961.91 kg ha−1 and 8.67 kg m−3, respectively. The highest overall quality was in potatoes subjected to mild and moderate water deficit in the seedling stage. Principal component analysis identified mild water stress in the seedling stage as the optimum regulated deficit irrigation regime. The results of this study provide theoretical and technical references for efficient water-saving cultivation and industrialization of potato in northwestern China.

scholarly journals European survey shows poor association between soil organic matter and crop yields

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Wytse J. Vonk ◽  
Martin K. van Ittersum ◽  
Pytrik Reidsma ◽  
Laura Zavattaro ◽  
Luca Bechini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Farm Survey

AbstractA number of policies proposed to increase soil organic matter (SOM) content in agricultural land as a carbon sink and to enhance soil fertility. Relations between SOM content and crop yields however remain uncertain. In a recent farm survey across six European countries, farmers reported both their crop yields and their SOM content. For four widely grown crops (wheat, grain maize, sugar beet and potato), correlations were explored between reported crop yields and SOM content (N = 1264). To explain observed variability, climate, soil texture, slope, tillage intensity, fertilisation and irrigation were added as co-variables in a linear regression model. No consistent correlations were observed for any of the crop types. For wheat, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between SOM and crop yields in the Continental climate, with yields being on average 263 ± 4 (95% CI) kg ha−1 higher on soils with one percentage point more SOM. In the Atlantic climate, a significant negative correlation was observed for wheat, with yields being on average 75 ± 2 (95%CI) kg ha−1 lower on soils with one percentage point more SOM (p < 0.05). For sugar beet, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between SOM and crop yields was suggested for all climate zones, but this depended on a number of relatively low yield observations. For potatoes and maize, no significant correlations were observed between SOM content and crop yields. These findings indicate the need for a diversified strategy across soil types, crops and climates when seeking farmers’ support to increase SOM.

scholarly journals Sensory Properties and Profiling of Tops and Storage Roots of Sweetpotato Genotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
Md. Abu Shahadat Hossain ◽  
A.F.M. Saiful Islam ◽  
Mohammad Noor Hossai Miah ◽  
Mohammad Mehedi Hasa Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
And Storage

The effects of very deep ploughing and of subsoiling on crop yields

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
Complete Inversion

1. Deep tillage, namely, ploughing to a depth exceeding 12 in., or subsoiling to a depth of about 18 in., increased crop yields on about half the fields in which an experiment was made. Unfortunately, it was not possible to recognize what was the difference in soil properties between the 50% of fields that responded appreciably to deep tillage and the remainder whose yields were either unaffected or sometimes reduced by deep tillage, though, as one would expect, sands were normally less responsive to deep tillage than the heavier soils.2. On the clay soils, deep ploughing in autumn tended to give a surface soil that dried out up to several weeks earlier in the spring than land that was shallow ploughed. Subsoiling did not cause the surface soil to dry out in the same way. Only rarely did the subsoil brought up by deep ploughing give difficulty in working down to a seedbed, and probably in as high a proportion of fields the subsoil worked easier than the surface soil.3. On the clays and loams, the response of potatoes to deep tillage was more marked on fields that were heavily manured than on those lightly manured.4. Sugar beet normally gave a higher yield if its potash and phosphate was spread on the land before ploughing, even if this was in the autumn, than if it was applied in the seedbed. The exceptions to this result were for soils heavier than sandy loams if ploughing depths exceeding 12 in. were used, for the yield of beet was, on the average, depressed on these soils if the potash and phosphate was ploughed in compared with it being worked into the seedbed.5. Deep ploughing tended to give better control of many perennial weeds, and often of annual weeds than shallow ploughing. It is suggested that much of this benefit could be obtained when ploughing to 9–10 in. deep if ploughs were used that cut a furrow considerably wider than the conventional 10½–11 in. furrow, so allowing more complete inversion of the furrow slice.

Phytotoxicity of Oxidised and Reduced Nitrogen Aerosols on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Crop

2017 ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Bhagawan Bharali ◽  
Zafar Ullah ◽  
Bhupendra Haloi ◽  
Jayashree Chutia ◽  
Sonbeer Chack
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Membrane Stability ◽  
Tuber Bulking ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In a field trial (2012), simulated aerosols: NH4Cl (reduced) and NaNO2 (oxidised) @ 10 & 20 kg ha-1y-1 (˜ 100 ppm & ˜ 200 ppm respectively), 1000 cm3m-2 of each along with a control were misted to population of Kufri Jyoti at different growth stages viz., vegetative (10-60 DAS), tuber initiation (60-90 DAS) and tuber bulking >90DAS). The higher dose of aerosols lowered nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency, cell membrane stability, tuber yield, but increased photosynthesis, peroxidise activity significantly. The mechanisms of injury in terms of higher peroxidase activity and lower membrane stability of leaf cells have been elucidated. Foliar feeding of nitrogenous pollutant in the form of aerosols to plants at juvenile stage is important in addition to basal use of recommended fertilizers.

Pectolytic enzyme production by Phoma betae

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1705-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Bugbee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Culture Cell ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Phoma Betae

Phoma betae from decayed sugar beet storage root tissue grew most rapidly in culture at 15C but produced more polygalacturonase (PG) at 20C. When the fungus was supplied with six different nitrogen sources, it produced the most PG on (NH4)2SO4.Assays of dialyzed culture filtrates using sodium polypectate and pectin or cell wall material from storage roots as the carbon sources showed the production of exopolygalacturonase (exo-PG) and endopolygalacturonate trans-eliminase (endo-PGTE). No pectin methyl esterase was detected. Exo-PG and endo-PGTE also were present in decayed sugar beet tissue. Only endo-PGTE was detected within 3 mm of tissue surrounding the rotted area.In culture, cell wall material from the susceptible variety A58 induced more endo-PGTE formation than the resistant 2B. But 2B induced more exo-PG formation than A58. It is suggested that endo-PGTE plays a major role in cell wall degradation because pH 7.5 was optimum for tissue maceration and pH 8.5 for enzyme activity and the advancing margins of rotted tissue contained only endo-PGTE.

An experiment on the effects of straw ploughed in or composted on a three-course rotation of crops

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiencies ◽  
Second Year

An experiment on the use of wheat straw (ploughed in or composted at the rate of 53⅓ cwt./acre every second year) and NPK fertilizers in the maintenance of fertility was carried out at Rothamsted between 1933 and 1958. The effects of these treatments on the yields of the crops of the rotation used in the experiment—barley, sugar beet, potatoes—are discussed in the present paper.The treatments appear to have had no effect on crop yields through improvements to the soil caused by better structure or increased organic matter content. All the effects obtained can be attributed to changes in the supplies of available nutrients. The most important of these changes appear to have been: (1) nitrogen deficiencies due to the immobilization of soil nitrogen or nitrogen fertilizer by the straw: there is some evidence that this added to the store of slowly available nitrogen; (2) additions to potassium supplies from potassium in the straw. Factor (1) affected all three crops. Factor (2) affected potatoes, the only crop of the three to give good responses to potassium.It was found that when the straw was ploughed in directly about 0·08 ewt. N fertilizer applied to the crops for each ton of straw was sufficient to overcome losses in yield due to nitrogen deficiencies. The straw improved the yields of potatoes in the first and second years after application. Provided that allowance was made for losses of available nitrogen the yields of potatoes from ploughed-in straw were about the same as the yields obtained by adding K fertilizer to the crop, equal in amount to the potassium in the straw. When part of the fertilizers was ploughed in with the straw instead of being given directly to the crop the yields of potatoes were reduced.Compost made with NT fertilizers and straw and ploughed in with K fertilizer gave much poorer yields than were obtained by ploughing the straw in directly and applying the fertilizers to the crops. Losses of available nitrogen were severe, all the N fertilizer used in making the compost (0·15 cwt. N for each ton of straw) being either lost through drainage or immobilized by the straw. In addition, more than one half of the potassium in the straw was lost in composting.There was no evidence that any of the nitrogen immobilized in the decomposition of the straw became available in the first or second years after application. Residues from repeated applications of straw every second year over 18 years increased the yields of potatoes and sugar beet in the last 6 years of the experiment. The increases may have been due to the release of previously immobilized nitrogen.

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