Phylogenies and comparative data, a microevolutionary perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 349 (1327) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Related Species ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
As Species ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Relationship Structure ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

As species evolve along a phylogenetic tree, their phenotypes diverge. We expect closely related species to retain some phenotypic similarities owing to their shared evolutionary histories. The degree of similarity depends both on the phylogeny and on the detailed evolutionary changes that accumulate each generation. In this study, I review a general framework that can be used to translate between macroevolutionary patterns and the underlying microevolutionary process by comparing the observed relationships among measured species phenotypes and the expected relationship structure due to the phylogeny and underlying models of phenotypic evolution. I then show how the framework can be used to compare methods used (1) to reconstruct phylogenies, (2) to correct comparative data for phylogenetic non-independence, and (3) to infer details of the microevolutionary process from interspecific data and a phylogeny. Use of this framework and a microevolutionary perspective on the analysis of interspecific data opens up new fields of inquiry and many new uses for phylogenies and comparative data.

scholarly journals Eversion and withdrawal of an intromittent organ before sexual maturation prepares male beetles for copulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 161029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Matsumura ◽  
Takuya Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Active State ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Spermathecal Duct ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coiled State

Some species of criocerine beetles have a hyper-elongated part of the intromittent organ called a flagellum. In resting position, the flagellum is stored in a specialized internal sac in the intromittent organ. This specialized state of the flagellum and internal sac is indispensable during copulation for flagellar insertion into the female spermathecal duct for sperm transfer. However, the morphogenesis of the flagellum does not generate the active state of the flagellum; rather, the flagellum is generated in an inactive and completely coiled state. After eclosion, males of Lema coronata evert and withdraw the internal sac multiple times before sexual maturation, without mounting a female. This behaviour serves to uncoil the flagellum and guide it into the active state with the aid of surface structures on the internal sac. A closely related species, Lema dilecta , also has a long flagellum and undergoes the same behaviour to place the flagellum in the active position. However, some other species of criocerine beetles with much shorter flagella can attain the active state without exhibiting this behaviour. Based on a previously proposed phylogenetic tree, we discuss the evolutionary history of the hyper-elongation of the flagellum and associated behaviour.

scholarly journals Peptide Ligands That Bind Selectively to Spores of Bacillus subtilis and Closely Related Species

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6841-6847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Knurr ◽  
Orsolya Benedek ◽  
Jennifer Heslop ◽  
Robert B. Vinson ◽  
Jeremy A. Boydston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Peptide Binding ◽  
Peptide Ligands ◽  
Bacterial Spores ◽  
Amino Terminus ◽  
Spore Coat ◽  
Bacterial Detection ◽  
Closely Related Species

ABSTRACT As part of an effort to develop detectors for selected species of bacterial spores, we screened phage display peptide libraries for 7- and 12-mer peptides that bind tightly to spores of Bacillus subtilis. All of the peptides isolated contained the sequence Asn-His-Phe-Leu at the amino terminus and exhibited clear preferences for other amino acids, especially Pro, at positions 5 to 7. We demonstrated that the sequence Asn-His-Phe-Leu-Pro (but not Asn-His-Phe-Leu) was sufficient for tight spore binding. We observed equal 7-mer peptide binding to spores of B. subtilis and its most closely related species, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and slightly weaker binding to spores of the closely related species Bacillus globigii. These three species comprise one branch on the Bacillus phylogenetic tree. We did not detect peptide binding to spores of several Bacillus species located on adjacent and nearby branches of the phylogenetic tree nor to vegetative cells of B. subtilis. The sequence Asn-His-Phe-Leu-Pro was used to identify B. subtilis proteins that may employ this peptide for docking to the outer surface of the forespore during spore coat assembly and/or maturation. One such protein, SpsC, appears to be involved in the synthesis of polysaccharide on the spore coat. SpsC contains the Asn-His-Phe-Leu-Pro sequence at positions 6 to 10, and the first five residues of SpsC apparently must be removed to allow spore binding. Finally, we discuss the use of peptide ligands for bacterial detection and the use of short peptide sequences for targeting proteins during spore formation.

Ritualization and social communication in Rhesus monkeys

1966 ◽  
Vol 251 (772) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Comparative Study

The concept of ritualization, as used in the study of the signal movements of lower vertebrates, refers primarily to the evolutionary changes which such movements have undergone in adaptation to their function in communication. In this context, the term is thus used in reference only to movements which have such a function, and only when there is evidence that the resultant signal has undergone changes which make it more effective in that role. Many movements which influence the behaviour of others (e.g. penile erection, eating and drinking in rhesus monkeys, according to Altman 1962) have apparently not been ritualized, though homologous movements in other species may have been (e.g. penile erection in squirrel monkeys (Ploog & Maclean 1963)). The changes involved have almost invariably been evolutionary ones, and thus reference to ritualization implies evidence that the properties of the signal have changed on an evolutionary time scale. This usually comes from the comparative study of contemporary closely related species. Just as the comparison, between related species, of morphological structures may suggest not only homologies but also views as to the evolutionary origins of the homologous structures, so also does comparison of patterns of behaviour. In addition, just as comparison within a species of related structures, such as the segmental limbs of a crustacean, or of different developmental stages of the same structure, can provide evidence of the course of evolution, so also can comparison of related movement patterns (e.g. Lorenz 1935, 1941; Tinbergen 1952, 1959, 1962).

scholarly journals PolyCRACKER, a robust method for the unsupervised partitioning of polyploid subgenomes by signatures of repetitive DNA evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Gordon ◽  
Joshua J. Levy ◽  
John P. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
As Species ◽  
Pooled Dna ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractExisting methods for assigning sequences to individual species from pooled DNA samples rely on differences in genome properties like GC content or sequences from related species. These approaches do not work for closely related species where gross features are indistinguishable and related genomes are lacking. We describe a method and associated software package that uses rapidly evolving repetitive DNA to circumvent these limitations. By using short, repetitive, DNA sequences as species-specific signals we separated closely related genomes without any prior knowledge. This approach is ideal for separating the subgenomes of polyploid species with unsequenced or unknown progenitor genomes.

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Macrobrachium saengphani sp. nov. (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Northern Thailand

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4868 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-542
Author(s):  
NUKUL SAENGPHAN ◽  
BHINYO PANIJPAN ◽  
SAENGCHAN SENAPIN ◽  
AUAREE SUKSOMNIT ◽  
KORNSUNEE PHIWSAIYA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Number Of Teeth

A small wild prawn of the genus Macrobrachium, found in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand has some morphological features resembling four other closely related species, M. lanchesteri, M. peguense, M. kunjuramani, and M. chainatense. However, it is distinguishable from the above species in terms of distinctive golden colored antennules; number of teeth on the rostrum; number of teeth on the cutting edges of the second pereiopod; and length of carpus relative to that of chela on the second pereiopod. Moreover, DNA analysis places it far apart on the phylogenetic tree from the related species in the genus. 

scholarly journals Interspecific variation of calls in clownfishes: degree of similarity in closely related species

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orphal Colleye ◽  
Pierre Vandewalle ◽  
Deborah Lanterbecq ◽  
David Lecchini ◽  
Eric Parmentier
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

scholarly journals Using carrot centromeric repeats to study karyotype relationships in the genus Daucus (Apiaceae)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kadluczka ◽  
Ewa Grzebelus
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Chromosomal Distribution ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Chromosomal Structure ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Outgroup Species

Abstract Background In the course of evolution, chromosomes undergo evolutionary changes; thus, karyotypes may differ considerably among groups of organisms, even within closely related taxa. The genus Daucus seems to be a promising model for exploring the dynamics of karyotype evolution. It comprises some 40 wild species and the cultivated carrot, a crop of great economic significance. However, Daucus species are very diverse morphologically and genetically, and despite extensive research, the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between them have still not been fully resolved. Although several molecular cytogenetic studies have been conducted to investigate the chromosomal structure and karyotype evolution of carrot and other Daucus species, detailed karyomorphological research has been limited to carrot and only a few wild species. Therefore, to better understand the karyotype relationships within Daucus, we (1) explored the chromosomal distribution of carrot centromeric repeats (CentDc) in 34 accessions of Daucus and related species by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and (2) performed detailed karyomorphological analysis in 16 of them. Results We determined the genomic organization of CentDc in 26 accessions of Daucus (belonging to both Daucus I and II subclades) and one accession of closely related species. The CentDc repeats were present in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes of 20 accessions (representing 11 taxa). In the other Daucus taxa, the number of chromosome pairs with CentDc signals varied depending on the species, yet their centromeric localization was conserved. In addition, precise chromosome measurements performed in 16 accessions showed the inter- and intraspecific karyological relationships among them. Conclusions The presence of the CentDc repeats in the genomes of taxa belonging to both Daucus subclades and one outgroup species indicated the ancestral status of the repeat. The results of our study provide useful information for further evolutionary, cytotaxonomic, and phylogenetic research on the genus Daucus and may contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic evolution of centromeric satellites in plants.

scholarly journals Additions to Lyophyllaceae s.l. from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1101
Author(s):  
Jize Xu ◽  
Xiaodong Yu ◽  
Nakarin Suwannarach ◽  
Yi Jiang ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Dark Orange ◽  
Key Characteristics

Four new species, viz. Calocybe coacta, C. fulvipes, C. vinacea and Clitolyophyllum umbilicatum, are described in northern China. Comparisons are made of macro- and micromorphological features among the new species and closely related species within the genus. The new species feature unique morphological characteristics that separate them from the previously described species. Calocybe coacta is characterized by medium- to large-sized basidiocarps, greyish cream, felty pileus and non-cellular epicutis. The key characteristics of C. fulvipes are rose-brown to greyish-brown pileus, stone-brown stipe and non-cellular epicutis. The unique morphological characteristics of C. vinacea that distinguish it from its closely related species are pastel red to dull-red pileus and stipe surface with densely white pruina. The main characteristics of Clitolyophyllum umbilicatum are deeply depressed dark orange to light-brown pileus, central stipe and subglobose-ellipsoid spores. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS and 28S regions indicated that the four new species are distinct and monophyletic. Full descriptions, color images, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree that show the placement of the four new species are provided. A key to the Calocybe species reported from China is also given.

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