scholarly journals Molecular genetic insights into deuterostome evolution from the direct-developing hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1496) ◽  
pp. 1569-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Deuterostome Evolution ◽  
Saccoglossus Kowalevskii ◽  
Insight Into

Progress in developmental biology, phylogenomics and palaeontology over the past five years are all making major contributions to a long-enduring problem in comparative biology: the early origins of the deuterostome phyla. Recent advances in the developmental biology of hemichordates have given a unique insight into developmental similarities between this phylum and chordates. Transcriptional and signalling gene expression patterns between the two groups during the early development of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes reveal close similarities, despite large morphological disparity between the body plans. These genetic networks have been proposed to play conserved roles in patterning centralized nervous systems in metazoans, yet seem to play a conserved role in patterning the diffusely organized basiepithelial nerve net of the hemichordates. Developmental genetic data are providing a unique insight into early deuterostome evolution, revealing a complexity of genetic regulation previously attributed only to vertebrates. While these data allow for key insights into the development of early deuterostomes, their utility for reconstructing ancestral morphologies is less certain, and morphological, palaeontological and molecular datasets should all be considered carefully when speculating about ancestral deuterostome features.

scholarly journals The molecular genetics of the human I locus and molecular background explain the partial association of the adult i phenotype with congenital cataracts

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2081-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lung-Chih Yu ◽  
Yuh-Ching Twu ◽  
Ming-Lun Chou ◽  
Marion E. Reid ◽  
Alan R. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Congenital Cataracts ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Partial Association ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Epithelium Cells ◽  
Insight Into

The human i and I antigens are characterized as linear and branched repeats of N-acetyllactosamine, respectively. Conversion of the i to the I structure requires I-branching β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. It has been noted that the null phenotype of I, the adult i phenotype, is associated with congenital cataracts in Asians. Previously, the identification of molecular changes in the IGnT gene, associated with the adult i phenotype, has been reported. In the present study, we demonstrate that the human I locus expresses 3 IGnT forms, designated IGnTA, IGnTB, and IGnTC, which have different exon 1, but identical exons 2 and 3, coding regions. The molecular genetics proposed for the I locus offer a new perspective on the formation and expression of the I antigen in different cells and provide insight into the questions derived from investigation of the adult i phenotype. Molecular genetic analyses of the Iloci of the 2 adult i groups, with and without congenital cataracts, were performed, and enzyme function assays and expression patterns for the 3 IGnT transcripts in reticulocytes and lens-epithelium cells were analyzed. The results suggest a molecular genetic mechanism that may explain the partial association of the adult i phenotype with congenital cataracts and indicate that a defect in theI locus may lead directly to the development of congenital cataracts. The results also suggest that the human blood groupI gene should be reassigned to the IGnTC form, not the IGnTB form, as described previously.

scholarly journals Outlook for Neurofi bromatosis Type I Research in the Republic of Bashkortostan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
R. N. Mustafin ◽  
E. K. Khusnutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heterozygous Mutation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
The Republic

Neurofi bromatosis type I (NF1) is a common hereditary tumour syndrome with autosomal dominant type of inheritance. Average worldwide incidence rate of NF1 is 1:3000, equal in men and women. Th e disease develops with a heterozygous mutation in the oncosupressor neurofi bromin-encoding gene NF1. No NF1-associated most common mutations have been found, with over 1400 mutations being described along the gene. No clinical and genetic correlations are observed for NF1, and its symptoms may vary considerably within same inheritance group. Typical NF1 manifestations include pigmented patches and multiple cutaneous or subcutaneous neurofi bromas, oft en disfi guring in degree. Pathogenetic therapy for NF1 is not yet developed, whilst surgical tumourectomy may lead to recurrence and new tumour development in other localities on the body. Molecular genetic research on putative interfaces with epigenetic factors and gene expression patterns may open promising future avenues. Further, establishing a marker NF1 mutation in NF1 patients will allow secondary prevention of the disease. A survey of russian NF1-related literature reveals prevalence of individual clinical case descriptions. In the Russian Federation, studies of NF1-associated mutations in gene NF1 originate from Moscow and Bashkortostan, which sets off advancement of Bashkir medical genetics and urges further developments. In Bashkortostan, 10 NF1-associated mutations were described from 16 patients. Th e reported mutations с.1278G>A (p.Trp426Х), с.1570G>A (p.Glu540Lys), с.1973_1974delTC (р.Leu658ProfsX10), с.3526_3528delAGA (p.Arg1176del), с.3826delC (р.Arg1276GlufsX8), с.4514+5G>A, c.5758_5761delTTGA (p.Leu1920AsnfsX7) in the NF1 gene are new to science. Further research into other genes’ and microRNA expression in patients with various clinical manifestations of NF1 should be aimed at discovering its possible involvement in disease pathogenesis.

Psychoanalysis Twenty-Five Years after the Death of Sigmund Freud

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-968
Author(s):  
Martin Grotjahn
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Psychoanalytic Training ◽  
The Past ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Insight Into

Twenty-five years after the death of Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis has proven its value as a method of investigating the unconscious. The body of knowledge as represented by psychoanalysis has grown mostly with the application of psychoanalysis to neighboring fields. Psychoanalysis as a tool of medical treatment has not lived up to the expectations, while psychoanalysis as a technique of training therapists is considered of greatest practical importance. The American societies and institutes have become the centers of international psychoanalytic training. The past twenty-five years have given much valuable insight into the life and work, the genius and creativity of Sigmund Freud and the pioneers of psychoanalysis.

scholarly journals Developmental genetic evidence for a monophyletic origin of the bilaterian brain

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1414) ◽  
pp. 1533-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Reichert ◽  
Antonio Simeone
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Monophyletic Origin ◽  
Basic Body ◽  
The Impact

The widely held notion of an independent evolutionary origin of invertebrate and vertebrate brains is based on classical phylogenetic, neuroanatomical and embryological data. The interpretation of these data in favour of a polyphyletic origin of animals brains is currently being challenged by three fundamental findings that derive from comparative molecular, genetic and developmental analyses. First, modern molecular systematics indicates that none of the extant animals correspond to evolutionary intermediates between the protostomes and the deuterostomes, thus making it impossible to deduce the morphological organization of the ancestral bilaterian or its brain from living species. Second, recent molecular genetic evidence for the body axis inversion hypothesis now supports the idea that the basic body plan of vertebrates and invertebrates is similar but inverted, suggesting that the ventral nerve chord of protostome invertebrates is homologous to the dorsal nerve cord of deuterostome chordates. Third, a developmental genetic analysis of the molecular control elements involved in early embryonic brain patterning is uncovering the existence of structurally and functionally homologous genes that have comparable and interchangeable functions in key aspects of brain development in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems. All three of these findings are compatible with the hypothesis of a monophyletic origin of the bilaterian brain. Here we review these findings and consider their significance and implications for current thinking on the evolutionary origin of bilaterian brains. We also preview the impact of comparative functional genomic analyses on our understanding of brain evolution.

scholarly journals Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin As a Nutritive Source of Copper

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila V. Puchkova ◽  
Polina S. Babich ◽  
Yulia A. Zatulovskaia ◽  
Ekaterina Y. Ilyechova ◽  
Francesca Di Sole
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Copper Transporter ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Central Organ

Copper, which can potentially be a highly toxic agent, is an essential nutrient due to its role as a co-factor for cuproenzymes and participation in signaling pathways. In mammals, the liver is a central organ that controls copper turnover throughout the body: copper absorption, distribution, and excretion. In ontogenesis, there are two types of copper metabolism: embryonic and adult, which maintain the balance of copper in each of these periods, respectively. In the liver cells, these types are characterized by specific expression patterns and activity levels of the genes encoding ceruloplasmin, which is the main extracellular ferroxidase and copper transporter and proteins mediating ceruloplasmin metalation. In newborns, the molecular-genetic mechanisms responsible for copper homeostasis and the ontogenetic switch from embryonic to adult copper metabolism are highly adapted to milk ceruloplasmin as a dietary source of copper. In the mammary gland cells, the level of ceruloplasmin gene expression and the alternative splicing of its pre-mRNA govern the amount of ceruloplasmin in milk, and thus, the amount of copper absorbed by the newborn is controlled. In the newborns, absorption, distribution, and accumulation copper are adapted to milk ceruloplasmin. In the newborns, which are not breast-fed at the early stages of postnatal development, the control for alimentary copper balance is absent. We tried to focus on the neonatal consequences of a violation of the balance of copper in the mother / newborn system. Although there is still much to be learned, the time to pay attention to this problem came because the neonatal misbalance of copper may provoke the development of copper related disorders for future life.

scholarly journals Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin as a Nutritive Source of Copper: Overview of the Current Data

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Puchkova ◽  
Polina Babich ◽  
Yulia Zatulovskaia ◽  
Ekaterina Ilyechova ◽  
Francesca Di Sole
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Copper Transporter ◽  
Genes Encoding

Copper, which can potentially be a highly toxic agent, is an essential nutrient due to its role as a cofactor for cuproenzymes and its participation in signaling pathways. In mammals, the liver is a central organ that controls copper turnover throughout the body, including copper absorption, distribution, and excretion. In ontogenesis, there are two types of copper metabolism, embryonic and adult, which maintain the balance of copper in each of these periods of life, respectively. In the liver cells, these types of metabolism are characterized by the specific expression patterns and activity levels of the genes encoding ceruloplasmin, which is the main extracellular ferroxidase and copper transporter, and the proteins mediating ceruloplasmin metalation. In newborns, the molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for copper homeostasis and the ontogenetic switch from embryonic to adult copper metabolism are highly adapted to milk ceruloplasmin as a dietary source of copper. In the mammary gland cells, the level of ceruloplasmin gene expression and the alternative splicing of its pre-mRNA govern the amount of ceruloplasmin in the milk, and thus, the amount of copper absorbed by a newborn is controlled. In newborns, the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of copper are adapted to milk ceruloplasmin. If newborns are not breast-fed in the early stages of postnatal development, they do not have this natural control ensuring alimentary copper balance in the body. Although there is still much to be learned about the neonatal consequences of having an imbalance of copper in the mother/newborn system, the time to pay attention to this problem has arrived because the neonatal misbalance of copper may provoke the development of copper-related disorders.

Recovery boiler sootblowers: History and technological advances

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
HONGHI TRAN ◽  
DANNY TANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Recovery Boilers ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Recovery Boiler ◽  
Steam Parameters ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Deposit Removal

Sootblowing technology used in recovery boilers originated from that used in coal-fired boilers. It started with manual cleaning with hand lancing and hand blowing, and evolved slowly into online sootblowing using retractable sootblowers. Since 1991, intensive research and development has focused on sootblowing jet fundamentals and deposit removal in recovery boilers. The results have provided much insight into sootblower jet hydrodynamics, how a sootblower jet interacts with tubes and deposits, and factors influencing its deposit removal efficiency, and have led to two important innovations: fully-expanded sootblower nozzles that are used in virtually all recovery boilers today, and the low pressure sootblowing technology that has been implemented in several new recovery boilers. The availability of powerful computing systems, superfast microprocessors and data acquisition systems, and versatile computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling capability in the past two decades has also contributed greatly to the advancement of sootblowing technology. High quality infrared inspection cameras have enabled mills to inspect the deposit buildup conditions in the boiler during operation, and helped identify problems with sootblower lance swinging and superheater platens and boiler bank tube vibrations. As the recovery boiler firing capacity and steam parameters have increased markedly in recent years, sootblowers have become larger and longer, and this can present a challenge in terms of both sootblower design and operation.

Derrida on Pornography: Putting (It) Up for Sale

Derrida Today ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
English Translation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
French Original ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Discourses ◽  
Academic Debate

Over the past thirty years, academic debate over pornography in the discourses of feminism and cultural studies has foundered on questions of the performative and of the word's definition. In the polylogue of Droit de regards, pornography is defined as la mise en vente that is taking place in the act of exegesis in progress. (Wills's idiomatic English translation includes an ‘it’ that is absent in the French original). The definition in Droit de regards alludes to the word's etymology (writing by or about prostitutes) but leaves the referent of the ‘sale’ suspended. Pornography as la mise en vente boldly restates the necessary iterability of the sign and anticipates two of Derrida's late arguments: that there is no ‘the’ body and that performatives may be powerless. Deriving a definition of pornography from a truncated etymology exemplifies the prosthesis of origin and challenges other critical discourses to explain how pornography can be understood as anything more than ‘putting (it) up for sale’.

Receptions of the Past: Commemoration, Racism, Desire

Somatechnics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-303
Author(s):  
Michael Connors Jackman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
White Privilege ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Lesbian And Gay ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

This article investigates the ways in which the work of The Body Politic (TBP), the first major lesbian and gay newspaper in Canada, comes to be commemorated in queer publics and how it figures in the memories of those who were involved in producing the paper. In revisiting a critical point in the history of TBP from 1985 when controversy erupted over race and racism within the editorial collective, this discussion considers the role of memory in the reproduction of whiteness and in the rupture of standard narratives about the past. As the controversy continues to haunt contemporary queer activism in Canada, the productive work of memory must be considered an essential aspect of how, when and for what reasons the work of TBP comes to be commemorated. By revisiting the events of 1985 and by sifting through interviews with individuals who contributed to the work of TBP, this article complicates the narrative of TBP as a bluntly racist endeavour whilst questioning the white privilege and racially-charged demands that undergird its commemoration. The work of producing and preserving queer history is a vital means of challenging the intentional and strategic erasure of queer existence, but those who engage in such efforts must remain attentive to the unequal terrain of social relations within which remembering forms its objects.

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