scholarly journals Social relationships and death-related behaviour in aquatic mammals: a systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20170260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. L. V. Reggente ◽  
Elena Papale ◽  
Niall McGinty ◽  
Lavinia Eddy ◽  
Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Alloparental Care ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Death Event ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Aquatic Mammals

Some aquatic mammals appear to care for their dead, whereas others abandon their live offspring when conditions are unfavourable. This incredible variety in behaviours suggests the importance of comparing and contrasting mechanisms driving death-related behaviours among these species. We reviewed 106 cases of aquatic mammals (81 cetaceans and 25 non-cetaceans) reacting to a death event, and extrapolated ‘participant’ ( age class , sex , relationship and decomposition ) and ‘social’ characteristics ( escorting , calf dependence , alloparental care , herding and dispersal patterns ) from published and unpublished literature. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was performed to explore the relationships between these characteristics and death-related behaviours, with species clustered based on MCA scores. Results showed that both cetaceans and non-cetaceans react to death but in different ways. Non-cetaceans, characterized by a short maternal investment, were observed to protect the dead (defending it from external attacks), while cetaceans spent much longer with their offspring and display carrying (hauling, spinning, mouthing with the carcass and diving with it) and breathing-related (lifting and sinking the carcass) activities with the dead generally in association with other conspecifics. Our work emphasizes the need of increased documentation of death-related cases around the world to improve our understanding of aquatic mammals and their responses to death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

scholarly journals Changing relationship between the dead and the living in Japanese prehistory

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20170272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
Kinship System ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Burial Practice ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Continuous Presence

The aim of this paper is to propose a new insight on the changing burial practice by regarding it as a part of the cognitive system for maintaining complex social relationships. Development of concentrated burials and their transformation in Japanese prehistory are examined to present a specific case of the changing relationship between the dead and the living to highlight the significance of the dead in sociocultural evolution. The essential feature of the burial practices observed at Jomon sites is the centrality of the dead and their continuous presence in the kinship system. The mortuary practices discussed in this paper represent a close relationship between the dead and the living in the non-hierarchical complex society, in which the dead were not detached from the society, but kept at its core, as a materialized reference of kin networks. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

scholarly journals Hominin evolutionary thanatology from the mortuary to funerary realm: the palaeoanthropological bridge between chemistry and culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20180212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Pettitt
Keyword(s):  
Belief Systems ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Core Set ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Animal Community ◽  
Palaeolithic Archaeology

Palaeoanthropology, or more precisely Palaeolithic archaeology, offers the possibility of bridging the gap between mortuary activities that can be observed in the wider animal community and which relate to chemistry and emotion; to the often-elaborate systems of rationalization and symbolic contextualisation that are characteristic of recently observable societies. I draw on ethological studies to provide a core set of mortuary behaviours one might expect hominoids to inherit, and on anthropological observations to explore funerary activity represented in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, in order to examine how a distinctly human set of funerary behaviours arose from a more widespread set of mortuary behaviours. I suggest that the most profound innovation of the hominins was the incorporation of places into the commemoration of the dead, and propose a falsifiable mechanism for why this came about; and I suggest that the pattern of the earliest burials fits with modern hunter–gatherer belief systems about death, and how these vary by social complexity. Finally, I propose several research questions pertaining to the social context of funerary practices, suggesting how a hominin evolutionary thanatology may contribute not only to our understanding of human behavioural evolution, but to a wider thanatology of the animal kingdom. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

scholarly journals Occurrence and variability of tactile interactions between wild American crows and dead conspecifics

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20170259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaeli Swift ◽  
John M. Marzluff
Keyword(s):  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Alarm Call ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
American Crow ◽  
Alarm Calling ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
American Crows ◽  
The Dead

Observations of some mammals and birds touching their dead provoke questions about the motivation and adaptive value of this potentially risky behaviour. Here, we use controlled experiments to determine if tactile interactions are characteristic of wild American crow responses to dead crows, and what the prevalence and nature of tactile interactions suggests about their motivations. In Experiment 1, we test if food or information acquisition motivates contact by presenting crows with taxidermy-prepared dead crows, and two species crows are known to scavenge: dead pigeons and dead squirrels. In Experiment 2, we test if territoriality motivates tactile interactions by presenting crows with taxidermy crows prepared to look either dead or upright and life-like. In Experiment 1, we find that crows are significantly less likely to make contact but more likely to alarm call and recruit other birds in response to dead crows than to dead pigeons and squirrels. In addition, we find that aggressive and sexual encounters with dead crows are seasonally biased. These findings are inconsistent with feeding or information acquisition-based motivation. In Experiment 2, we find that crows rarely dive-bomb and more often alarm call and recruit other crows to dead than to life-like crows, behaviours inconsistent with responses given to live intruders. Consistent with a danger response hypothesis, our results show that alarm calling and neighbour recruitment occur more frequently in response to dead crows than other stimuli, and that touching dead crows is atypical. Occasional contacts, which take a variety of aggressive and sexual forms, may result from an inability to mediate conflicting stimuli. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

scholarly journals How does cognition shape social relationships?

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. F. Wascher ◽  
Ipek G. Kulahci ◽  
Ellis J. G. Langley ◽  
Rachael C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

The requirements of living in social groups, and forming and maintaining social relationships are hypothesized to be one of the major drivers behind the evolution of cognitive abilities. Most empirical studies investigating the relationships between sociality and cognition compare cognitive performance between species living in systems that differ in social complexity. In this review, we ask whether and how individuals benefit from cognitive skills in their social interactions. Cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and inhibitory control, aid in forming and maintaining social relationships. We investigate whether there is evidence that individual variation in these abilities influences individual variation in social relationships. We then consider the evolutionary consequences of the interaction between sociality and cognitive ability to address whether bi-directional relationships exist between the two, such that cognition can both shape and be shaped by social interactions and the social environment. In doing so, we suggest that social network analysis is emerging as a powerful tool that can be used to test for directional causal relationships between sociality and cognition. Overall, our review highlights the importance of investigating individual variation in cognition to understand how it shapes the patterns of social relationships. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

Gender

Sociology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeen Baxter ◽  
Heidi Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Biological Differences

The term gender refers to the cultural and social characteristics attributed to men and women on the basis of perceived biological differences. In the 1970s, feminists focused on sex roles, particularly the socialization of men and women into distinct masculine and feminine roles and the apparent universality of patriarchy. More recent work has critiqued the idea of two distinct genders, calling into question the notion of gender dichotomies and focusing attention on gender as a constitutive element of all social relationships. Gender has been described as a social institution that structures the organization of other institutions, such as the labor market, families, and the state, as well as the social relations of everyday life. In addition, scholars have pointed to the ways in which gender is constructed by organizations and individual interactions. Gender not only differentiates men and women into unequal groups, it also structures unequal access to goods and resources, often crosscutting and intersecting with other forms of inequality, such as class, race, and ethnicity.

scholarly journals Идентификация и образ адресата в интернет-соболезнованиях

2013 ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
Andrzej Narloch
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Selection Of

An internet condolence letter has become a new form of communication in special circumstances. The selection of appropriate vocabulary plays a vital role in writing internet condolence letters as it is indirectly connected with expressing sympathy, support and understanding. In addition, the form of addressing the recipient often determines the right reception of a condolence letter. A recipient is identified in apostrophes in many ways. His or her nationality is emphasized most frequently. Also, ethnicity and social relationships are quite often indicated. Very emotional apostrophes directed to the dead have also been found in the analyzed material. Each kind of identification requires using suitable means of expression. Many of them contain additional emotive language. The analyzed apostrophes are very emotional and full of positive evaluative expressions. All the same, there are also many official, almost pompous constructions.

scholarly journals The moral standing of the dead

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20170270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Luper
Keyword(s):  
Moral Standing ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Do So

In choosing to do certain things, we appear to presuppose that we can act in the interests the dead, and that we have a duty to do so. For example, some of us go to great lengths to carry out their final wishes. Given that the dead no longer exist, however, it seems that nothing can be good or bad for them: they lack prudential interests. In that case, it is hard to see how we could owe them anything. They seem to lack moral standing altogether. In this essay, I will rebut this line of thought. I will claim that in some cases things that happen after people die are indeed good or bad for them. Their interests can still be advanced or hindered, so the dead have moral standing. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

Social Relationships of Students with Exceptionalities in Mainstream Classrooms: Social Networks and Homophily

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Farmer ◽  
Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
General Education ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Mainstream Classrooms ◽  
Social Affiliations ◽  
The Social

This study explored the social affiliations of students in three mainstream classrooms containing students receiving general education services, students characterized as academically gifted, students with learning disabilities, and students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The study provided an in-depth description of the classrooms' social networks, focusing on the social and demographic characteristics that distinguished clusters of students. Findings showed that students formed distinct peer clusters around shared characteristics; particular social characteristics were associated with a student's level of centrality in the classroom; and students with exceptionalities were well integrated into the classroom's social structure. Affiliations of students with exceptionalities suggest topics for future research.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of using children’s drawings in social care House in producing Purposeful digital stories: فاعلية استخدام رسوم أطفال دور الرعاية الاجتماعية في إنتاج قصص رقمية هادفة

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (27) ◽  
pp. 20-1
Author(s):  
Shatha Brahim Al- Asqha, Ohood Mohammed Alqauimi Shatha Brahim Al- Asqha, Ohood Mohammed Alqauimi
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Children's Drawings ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children’S Drawings ◽  
Digital Stories ◽  
Vision 2030

The present study aimed to confirm the importance of art technology in the digital age by discovering the psychological and social ‏characteristics of children’s drawings during the dawning realism stage (7- 9 years old), at the Social Care House. The study also aimed to confirm the efficacy of these drawings for analyzing children’s personalities, their emotional and psychological states and art’s role in delivering a sociocultural message a digital storytelling method, which is in line with the requirements of KSA Vision 2030. By following the descriptive. The study reached a number of results, including the effectiveness of using children’s drawings in the production of digital stories. In addition, the imagination, which the societal environment to which it belongs affects it, is able to integrate with the indicative relationships in digital anthropology with its problematic implications in the production of digital stories that reveal psychological facts and social relationships in the daily life of a child in social care homes.

scholarly journals Shifting sociality during primate ageing

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20190620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarin P. Machanda ◽  
Alexandra G. Rosati
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Ageing Process ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Humans exhibit major age-related shifts in social relationships along with changes in social and emotional psychological processes that underpin these behavioural shifts. Does social ageing in non-human primates follow similar patterns, and if so, what are the ultimate evolutionary consequences of these social shifts? Here we synthesize empirical evidence for shifts in social behaviour and underlying psychological processes across species. Focusing on three elements of social behaviour and cognition that are important for humans—propensities to engage with others, the positive versus negative valence of these interactions, and capabilities to influence others, we find evidence for wide variation in the trajectories of these characteristics across primates. Based on this, we identify potential modulators of the primate social ageing process, including social organization, sex and dominance status. Finally, we discuss how comparative research can contextualize human social ageing. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process’.

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