scholarly journals XXIV. On the diurnal deviations of the horizontal needle when under the influence of magnets

1823 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 342-392 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Freely Suspended ◽  
Reverse Position

Having been for a considerable time engaged in investi­gating different magnetical phaenomena, a suggestion of Mr. Barlow's, that the daily variation of the needle might be rendered more sensible by diminishing the directive force by means of a magnet, was received by me with much interest. He stated to me, that he proposed so to reduce the terrestrial force, that instead of the daily variation being only ten or twelve minutes, it should amount to three or four degrees, or more if necessary. In consequence of this I offered to make simultaneous observations, simply for the purpose of comparison ; but having been led to prosecute the inquiry farther than I at first intended, I think that the observations which I have made, with much care, may not be deemed unworthy the attention of the Royal Society. In making these observations, I adopted an arrangement different from that which Mr. Barlow informed me he pro­posed making use of. Instead of one magnet applied towards the end of the needle, and in the same horizontal plane with it, it appeared to me that a more equable distribution of the forces acting on the needle would be obtained, if I substitute two, and still more so if these were placed in the line of the dip. According to the manner in which I have for a long time viewed the nature of the forces which give direction to the horizontal needle, and their disturbance by other forces, it appeared to me that, by applying two magnets to the needle in the line which it would take if freely suspended by its centre of gravity, but having their poles in the reverse position to those of the needle, one above and the other below its centre, a portion of the forces acting upon the horizontal needle in the line of these magnets, or of the dip, would be destroyed; and it would therefore still be acted upon by forces in the same direction as before, but of less intensity : whereas by even applying the poles of two magnets to the corresponding poles of the needle, and in the same plane with them, the horizontal directive force of the needle would be diminished, by increasing the angle which the resultant of the terrestrial forces, and those of the magnet made with the horizon ; and which would be nearly equivalent to increasing the angle of the dip.

scholarly journals 3. On the Combined Motions of the Magnetic Needle, and on the Aurora Borealis.

1851 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 334-350
Author(s):  
J. A. Broun
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
True Position ◽  
Magnetic Needle ◽  
The Way

When a steel needle or rod is so constructed that its centre of gravity is in a finely-turned axle at right angles to its length, it will rest in any position when the axle is placed upon polished planes; when, however, we magnetize the needle, it assumes a position which is that of the direction of the magnetic force at the place: in this way we obtain the ordinary dipping-needle. The dipping-needle can obviously move only in one plane, that to which the axle is at right angles; were it possible to suspend it freely, so that it could move in every plane with every variation of the direction of the magnetic force, we should then be able, by observing the variations of its position, to determine at once the laws which a magnet in its true position obeys; this, however, we have not been able to do; even the small variations in the vertical plane, which we might expect to obtain from the ordinary dipping-needle, are nearly or altogether destroyed by the friction of the axle upon its supports; and there are many mechanical difficulties in the way of the other methods of suspension. It has been found convenient, then, to make use of the simplest methods of suspending magnets in a horizontal plane; and to endeavour to deduce, from the composition of their motions, the laws both of the variation of the force with which a truly suspended magnet is directed, and of the direction of that force itself.

scholarly journals The charges on ions in gases, and some effects that influence the motion of negative ions

1911 ◽  
Vol 85 (575) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Monovalent Ion

1. In two previous papers published in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,' a method was described of finding directly the charges on positive and negative ions produced by secondary Röntgen rays in gases, in terms of the charge on a monovalent ion in a liquid electrolyte; and the results of some experiments made with air were given. A number of investigations have since been made with oxygen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid, which have taken a considerable time to complete, for although a determination of the charge can be made very accurately from a few simple observations, it requires a long time to investigate the effect produced by complete drying on the motion of the negative ions. This effect can be observed by means of the same kind of experiments as are necessary for determining the charges on the ions, and it is of considerable interest to find at what forces and pressures the negative ions in dry gases assume the corpuscular state and move under an electric force according to laws that are quite different from those which govern the motions of the positive ions.

scholarly journals XVII. On the laws of the deviation of magnetized needles towards iron

1828 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 325-360
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Magnetic Particle ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Law ◽  
Freely Suspended ◽  
Magnetic Needle

The deviations of a magnetized needle from its natural direction in the plane in which it is constrained to move, due to the action of masses of iron, may be referred to a very simple law, excepting in those cases where the length of the needle bears a very sensible ratio to the distance of the iron. The law is this: if we suppose that the centre of a magnetic particle in the direction of the terrestrial magnetic force, or the centre of a small magnetic needle freely suspended by its centre of gravity, coincides with the centre of the needle whose motion is restricted; that the iron attracts both poles of this particle, or freely suspended needle; and that the whole, or very nearly the whole action takes place on these poles;—then the position of the other needle, in the plane in which it is constrained to move, will be found by referring the freely suspended needle to that plane, by a plane perpendicular to the first. The truth of this being established by experiment, it is very clear that whatever may be the position of a mass of iron, the direction of the deviations of a horizontal or dipping needle due to its action, will be immediately indicated, and a sufficiently simple calculation will give the amount. Several years have elapsed since I first pointed out this law, showing at the same time, by a series of experiments, that the observed deviations are in conformity with it. I have since omitted no opportunity of submitting it to the test of experiment; and taking it as the basis of calculation, have always found, except indeed in cases, as I have before stated, of too great proximity of the disturbing body, that the results which I obtained approximated so closely to the observations, as to leave no doubt in my own mind of its correctness. However, the truth of this law has latterly been called in question; and, in a paper published in the Transactions of last year, some experiments on horizontal needles, having their magnetism unequally distributed in the two branches, are described, which are considered by the author as quite decisive of its fallacy. It is not my intention to enter into an examination of what are there, erroneously I apprehend, considered as the effects that would result from this law, when the equal distribution of magnetism in the two branches of a needle has been disturbed. Immediately after having heard that paper read, I proceeded to ascertain some circumstances which appear to have been overlooked in these experiments, and then noted what, according to the law in question, ought to be the deviations of a needle having either of its branches “deteriorated” when in different positions with respect to an iron shell. Not being then in possession of the experimental results in that paper, I could not compare my conclusions with them; but on doing so when the Part of the Transactions was published, I found them perfectly to accord.

Ethics in the Judiciary System of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Mehedi Imam
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Ethical Knowledge ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Independent Judiciary ◽  
Role Players ◽  
High Level

In Bangladesh, demand for judicial independence in practice has been a much debated issue and the demand is fulfilled but expectation of people is not only limited to have an independent judiciary but to have an impartial system and cadre of people, which will administer justice rationally being free from fear or force. The independence of judiciary and the impartial judicial practice are related concepts, one cannot sustain without the other and here existence as well as the need of practicing impartiality is well recognized. But the art of practicing impartiality does not develop overnight as it’s related to development of one’s attitude. It takes a considerable time resulting from understanding, appreciating and acknowledging the moral values, ethics and professional responsibility. The judiciary includes Judges, Advocates mostly who are expected to demonstrate a high level of moral values and impartiality towards people seeking justice and ‘rule of law’. This is true that bench officers and clerks are also part of the process to ensure rule of law with same level of participation by the law enforcing agencies such as police. However the paper includes only those who either join judiciary as Judge/Magistrate or Advocate to explore level and extent of ethical knowledge they receive being key role players of the system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v1i2.9628 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2010; 1(2): 34-36

Leading with Pedagogical Tact- a Challenge in Children's Sports in Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krister Hertting
Keyword(s):  
Daily Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Youth Politics ◽  
Pedagogical Tact ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Swedish Society ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Voluntary Commitment

Leading with Pedagogical Tact- a Challenge in Children's Sports in Sweden The purpose of this article is to elucidate and problemize meetings between children and leaders in children's sport. The competitive sport is high valuated in the Swedish society and sport for children is central in the Swedish youth politics. The foundation in Swedish sport, as well as in the other Nordic countries, has for a long time relied on voluntary commitment. Approximately 650 000 people are voluntary engaged as leaders in sport in Sweden and 70% of children between 7 and 14 years compete in sports clubs. There is, however, a tension in the Swedish sport system. The sports for children has double missions - ‘association nurturing’ and ‘competition nurturing’, missions which are not always in harmony. In the daily activity it is the voluntary leaders who have to deal with these missions, which creates a field of tension. In this article I argue for a bridge between these missions by a leadership based on pedagogical tact. The empirical outlook is a narrative based on statements from leaders, children and parents in a study dealing with voluntary leadership within children's football. In the end I argue that focusing on this bridge is a win-win situation, both for children and sports.

Introduction and overview of the current situation regarding the employment of biomass

2014 ◽  
pp. 691-697
Author(s):  
Suleiman José Hassuani
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Cane Juice ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Biomass Availability ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

The sugarcane industry for a long time has focused only on the cane juice, its extraction and conversion to sugar. Bagasse was considered a residue and burnt inefficiently to generate steam and power. In the last decades, bagasse gradually started to be converted into energy in a more efficient way, supplying all the sugar industry energy needs (power, and steam) and, in some cases, significant excess electricity has been exported to the grid, becoming another important source of revenue. This motivated several studies of more advanced energy generation systems to boost energy exports. In more recent years, technologies called 2nd and 3rd generation have taken over the scene with many options, promising to convert biomass into more valuable products such as biofuels, chemicals, fertilisers, pellets, etc. Unfilled expectations and opportunities are rising. On the other hand, these technologies are competing for the same biomass, and this has to be considered. The industry has started to question ‘which way to go’, strategy and investment wise. The present study provides a broad scenario for the biomass availability, and its employment, with a close view to the main processes and products that might have an important role in the future of the biomass in the sugarcane industry.

scholarly journals A Discontinuity of the Energy of Quantum Walk in Impurities

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1134
Author(s):  
Kenta Higuchi ◽  
Takashi Komatsu ◽  
Norio Konno ◽  
Hisashi Morioka ◽  
Etsuo Segawa
Keyword(s):  
Unit Circle ◽  
Stationary State ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Quantum Walk ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unitary Matrix ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Time Quantum ◽  
Long Time

We consider the discrete-time quantum walk whose local dynamics is denoted by a common unitary matrix C at the perturbed region {0,1,⋯,M−1} and free at the other positions. We obtain the stationary state with a bounded initial state. The initial state is set so that the perturbed region receives the inflow ωn at time n(|ω|=1). From this expression, we compute the scattering on the surface of −1 and M and also compute the quantity how quantum walker accumulates in the perturbed region; namely, the energy of the quantum walk, in the long time limit. The frequency of the initial state of the influence to the energy is symmetric on the unit circle in the complex plain. We find a discontinuity of the energy with respect to the frequency of the inflow.

scholarly journals Resolving Phylogenetic Relationships within Passeriformes Based on Mitochondrial Genes and Inferring the Evolution of Their Mitogenomes in Terms of Duplications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2824-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Mackiewicz ◽  
Adam Dawid Urantówka ◽  
Aleksandra Kroczak ◽  
Dorota Mackiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tree Topologies

Abstract Mitochondrial genes are placed on one molecule, which implies that they should carry consistent phylogenetic information. Following this advantage, we present a well-supported phylogeny based on mitochondrial genomes from almost 300 representatives of Passeriformes, the most numerous and differentiated Aves order. The analyses resolved the phylogenetic position of paraphyletic Basal and Transitional Oscines. Passerida occurred divided into two groups, one containing Paroidea and Sylvioidea, whereas the other, Passeroidea and Muscicapoidea. Analyses of mitogenomes showed four types of rearrangements including a duplicated control region (CR) with adjacent genes. Mapping the presence and absence of duplications onto the phylogenetic tree revealed that the duplication was the ancestral state for passerines and was maintained in early diverged lineages. Next, the duplication could be lost and occurred independently at least four times according to the most parsimonious scenario. In some lineages, two CR copies have been inherited from an ancient duplication and highly diverged, whereas in others, the second copy became similar to the first one due to concerted evolution. The second CR copies accumulated over twice as many substitutions as the first ones. However, the second CRs were not completely eliminated and were retained for a long time, which suggests that both regions can fulfill an important role in mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on CR sequences subjected to the complex evolution can produce tree topologies inconsistent with real evolutionary relationships between species. Passerines with two CRs showed a higher metabolic rate in relation to their body mass.

scholarly journals Description of a new barometer, recently fixed up in the apart­ments of the Royal Society; with remarks on the mode hitherto pursued at various periods, and an account of that which is now adopted, for correcting the observed height of the mercury in the society’s barometer

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Usual Scale

The barometer, here alluded to, may in some measure be consi­dered as two separate and independent barometers, inasmuch as it is formed of two distinct tubes dipping into one and the same cistern of mercury. One of these tubes is made of flint glass, and the other of crown glass, with a view to ascertain whether, at the end of any given period, the one may have had any greater chemical effect on the mercury than the other, and thus affected the results. A brass rod, to which the scale is attached, passes through the framework, between the two tubes, and is thus common to both : one end of which is furnished with a fine agate point, which, by means of a rack and pinion moving the whole rod, may be brought just to touch the surface of the mercury in the cistern, the slightest contact with which is immediately discernible; and the other end of which bears the usual scale of inches, tenths, &c.; and there is a separate vernier for each tube. A small thermometer, the bulb of which dips into the mercury in the cistern, is inserted at the bottom : and an eye­piece is also there fixed, so that the agate point can be viewed with more distinctness and accuracy. The whole instrument is made to turn round in azimuth, in order to verify the perpendicularity of the tubes and the scale. It is evident that there are many advantages attending this mode of construction, which are not to be found in the barometers as usu­ally formed for general use in this country. The absolute heights are more correctly and more satisfactorily determined ; and the per­manency of true action is more effectually noticed and secured. For, every part is under the inspection and control of the observer; and any derangement or imperfection in either of the tubes is imme­diately detected on comparison with the other. And, considering the care that has been taken in filling the tubes, and setting off the scale, it may justly be considered as a standard barometer . The pre­sent volume of the Philosophical Transactions will contain the first register of the observations that have been made with this instru­ment.

Robert Hooke: A fractographic study of Kettering–stone

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Hull
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microscopical Observation ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Fractographic Study

Observ. XV. illustrated by Schem. IX. Figur:1 (figure 1 of this paper) in Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665)1 is a description of Kettering–stone ‘which is brought from Kettering in Northampton–shire, and digg’d out of a Quarry, as I am inform'd’. As Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society from 1662, Hooke was charged by the Society to bring in at every meeting one microscopical observation at least. The minutes of the Society2 record that on 15 April 1663 ‘Mr Hooke showed the Company two Microscopicall Schemas; one representing the Pores of Cork … the other a Kettering Stone, appearing to be composed of Globules; and those hollow ones, each having 3 Coatings, sticking to one another, and so making up one entire firm stone’.

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