Consent in Love and Marriage in Songs Associated with Princess Isabel of Castile

In Christian canon law, marriage is considered invalid if consent has not been obtained from both partners. Isabel of Castile understood this: rejecting the suitors selected by Enrique IV, she insisted on her right to marry a husband of her choice. Similarly, in the courtly love tradition to which ladies then subscribed, voluntary commitment was regarded as an essential feature of love, but there was a tacit understanding that marriage should not be mentioned as a solution. By assigning the song ‘Ni me plaze, ni consiento’ to Prince Alfonso, Isabel’s brother, in the poem that he wrote about the prince’s departure from Arévalo c. 1466-1468, Nicolás de Guevara was drawing attention to the need to respect this principle, and also alluding to an understanding between Alfonso and his sister that each would insist upon it. It is within this context that we may interpret a short cycle of poems in the British Library Cancionero (LB1) associated with the courtship of Isabel by King Afonso V of Portugal in the years 1465-1468.

Perceptions of Students from Northwestern Romania on Online Education during the Pandemic COVID-19

The current spatio-temporal context, in which the didactic activities in our country (Romania) are still carried out, is, beyond its form of social experiment, a form devoid of spiritual content. In the transition from classical to modern, through multimedia technologies, the interactions based on the teaching-learning-assessment activity are severely widowed by the physical lack of those closely involved in the educational system. In such a context, considered to be still cloudy, unsettled, the level of perception of those trained is questioned. Thus, through this study, our emphasis and attention fall on how online education is received, accepted, or not among Romanian students; for the study being interviewed only the students from the third year of study, from various specializations (technical and non-technical), aged over 21-22 years. This study took place between November 2020 and February 2021, on a sample of 463 students. Only students with whom the teachers had contact, who actively participated in online courses, seminars, and laboratories (especially computer-assisted training seminars), participated and were interviewed. The whole debate focused on the students' report on the teaching activity carried out exclusively online. Their answers, under anonymity and voluntary commitment, being an overview, which we decided to present both descriptive (only fragments) and infographics (only a summary of answers).

The Systematic Use of Corporate Social Responsibility by Small Companies

Research background: The responsibility of organizations towards their surroundings and society is a long-term strategic goal, which is supported by various projects and concepts, at the national, and global levels. The conception of sustainable development represents a model of society development, where economic and social development should be in line with the preservation of natural values for present and future generations. Purpose of the article: The concept of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a voluntary commitment of an organization that wants to behave responsibly towards its surroundings. The concept is generally understood as a strategic initiative and it is applied mainly by large companies. Small and medium-sized companies are rather not interested in the concept, they are afraid of the burden for the company. The paper focuses on the potential of systematic use of the CSR concept by small organizations. Methods: The survey was conducted in selected small organizations. The degree of acquaintance with the principles of the concept and especially with the possibilities of the concept was determined, the current state was analyzed and activities for implementation were proposed, and indicators for long-term monitoring were proposed. Findings & Value added: CSR concept encourages the company to make a positive impact on the environment. Small organizations often apply some of its principles, unknowingly by their natural responsible behavior. However, a systems-conscious approach is important. Small businesses can use the potential of the concept and implement its principles for the benefit of themselves and their surroundings.

Voluntary commitment of medical students during the COVID-19-pandemic

IntroductionDue to the spreading of COVID-19, one key challenge was to reduce potential staff shortages in the healthcare sector. Besides a reactivation of retired healthcare workers, medical students were considered to support this task. We herein analysed the commitment of medical students during the COVID-19-pandemic as well as their burdens and anxieties.MethodsVia an online survey, medical students in Germany were asked regarding these themes. The survey period took place during a two-week period in April and Mai 2020. 1241 questionnairs were included in the analysis.Results67.9% [65.3; 70.5] of the participants reported that they volunteered during the pandemic. Simultaneously, 88.9% [86.9; 90.5] of the participants stated to be against a compulsory recruitment in this context. Students who volunteered showed a significantly lower anxiety index than students, who did not volunteer. Concerns about transferring the virus to patients or relatives were significantly higher than concerns about the students’ own infection.ConclusionThe results of this survey study suggest that the majority of students are working voluntary during the pandemic. They declared mostly that they had adequate opportunities to protect themselves. Finally, their biggest fear was to infect other patients, relatives, or friends.

Is the German Academic Profession on Metrification Autopilot? A Study of 25 Years of Publication Outputs

Given their constitutionally guaranteed academic freedom, German academics are not forced by law to metrify their research outputs, but they do still practice metrification – one could say on autopilot. The metrification autopilot mode captures the voluntary commitment of a substantial part of the German academic profession to socio-calculative valuation, evaluation and valorization practices in the governance and control of higher education institutions (HEI), of disciplines and at the individual level. The effects of the metrification autopilot, in terms of auto-metrification in individual academics’ publication behavior, are studied empirically using three surveys (1992, 2007 and 2018). On the individual level, the metrification autopilot is observed as a trend among all full professors. Among non-full professors, the most metrified publication outputs are produced by academics who have been in their positions for more than 13 years. Accordingly, socialization into metrified status/reputation-seeking and status/reputation-keeping academic culture seems to take about 12 years. On the organizational level, we observe the metrification autopilot trend on the basis of the correlation between journal articles and HEIs’ policy of strong metrified performance recognition. On the discipline level, the metrification autopilot trend is observable in the way that humanities and social sciences scholars adapt to the peer-reviewed journal publication paradigm of the natural sciences, which is a key driver for transforming science and HEIs into a “socio-calculative environment” (Vormbusch 2012) of valuation, evaluation and valorization.

Tourist Festivals and Territorial Development: a case study on the Jazz in Marciac Festival

From the year 1982, new possibilities were given to the spatial organization of the French territory. In these spaces, the actions of social groups are recognized. Therefore, the social group builds the territory but the environment in which it lives also influences it. This paper studies the case of the Jazz in Marciac festival as an example of territorial development associated with the dimension of the voluntary commitment of the population towards a common objective and a source of debate. This jazz festival takes place at the village of Gers, Marciac and is guided by the principles of popular education. Today it gives life to its territory through national and international recognition as one of the most recognized jazz festivals. This is why we decided to ask ourselves about the causes of success at the jazz festival in a French village. So the questions came out: what does this imply in terms of development at the scale of its surroundings? Why and how this festival contributed to authentic development to the extent of its territory. The territory of Marciac turned a music festival into a local development opportunity, by its strength for cultural tourism, the valuation of local heritage and the improvement of living conditions. So the festival has become a showcase for local productions and a driving force for regional planning, it improves cultural, social and economic aspects of its territory. Keywords: Jazz Festival. Territory Development. Cultural Tourism. Popular Education.

ДЕФОЛТ ІДЕОЛОГІЙ

The article, for the first time ever, considers the phenomenon of the emergence and historical development of ideology, up to the full realization of this process. Some scientists call this moment of completion as «crisis», the others – as «doom». Considering one essential feature of modern ideology, we call it a «default». We are talking about its voluntary commitment to replace the philosophical knowledge that traditionally provided the European history of previous eras.To understand this phenomenon, the fact of the relationship between ideology and phenomenology is defined as a matter of principle, which almost completely coincides with it in its subject matter. Both are engaged in consciousness. The nuances of their differences are rooted in the difference of theoretical and practical horizons.Having raised the question of the emergence of ideology, the work comes to the conclusion that its cause is the classical German phenomenology (from Kant to Hegel). The same kinds of phenomenology that were created by ideology itself in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have a qualitatively different character. All of them come from the «conditioning of consciousness by being», while the philosophical classics sought to «mediate consciousness as an object, with consciousness as a method». Such a sharp deviation of the various theories of knowledge of the last two centuries was caused exclusively by the practical orientation of ideological consciousness.The use of the «crime novel» form in the article, which is indicated by both the researchers of the «false consciousness» and the researchers of phenomenology, made it possible to trace their interaction in dynamics. By exposing each other, ideologies «dragged» their own phenomenologies into this trial, which, in turn, unwittingly, were eventually forced to take the path of de-idealizing their own origins. So the course of this struggle has undergone significant changes in both phenomena.The article for the first time considers its «naive», «political» and «cynical» forms as the stages of the development of ideology. Variants of the idea of a «consciousness that does not know what is happening behind its back» by G. Hegel, the concepts of K. Marx’s «illusory consciousness» and P. Sloterdijk’s theory of the «enlightened false consciousness» here serve as markers for distinguishing these stages.As a result, it is stated that the default of modern ideologies in a positive way led to structural changes in the classical model of philosophical knowledge. Modern forms of phenomenology began to return to it, but in an updated form. The knowledge of positive sciences, which was previously included in all the historical systems of philosophy, is now excluded from it, and logic, history of philosophy and classical phenomenology, with a stable moment of de-ideologization of all types of false consciousness, become its main task.

From Roll-Out to Reverse: Understanding Tanzania’s Withdrawal from the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF)

This article tries to bring some clarity to the dynamics of current Tanzanian politics that led to the sudden withdrawal of the country from the voluntary commitment to be a Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) roll-out country and, through this, an international forerunner in the application of the new comprehensive and multi-stakeholder approach embedded in the ‘New Way of Working’. Specifically, the article will look into the possible underlying factors behind the decision to retreat from the application of the CRRF and highlight the potential implications of this course of action. Finally, in light of the above, the article will discuss lessons learned that could inform the implementation of the CRRF in other roll-out countries and suggest possible ways forward on how to strategically work with durable solutions in Tanzania beyond the option of voluntary repatriation.