scholarly journals XVII. Contributions to terrestrial magnetism. — No. VII

1846 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 237-336 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
General View ◽  
Magnetic Survey ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Common Unit ◽  
The Moment

Containing a Magnetic Survey of a considerable portion of the North American Continent. From the moment that the fact was known, that the locality of the maximum of the magnetic Force in a hemisphere is not coincident, as was previously supposed, with the locality where the dip of the needle is 90°, researches in terrestrial magnetism assumed an interest and importance greatly exceeding that which they before pos­sessed; for it was obvious that the hypothesis which then generally prevailed regard­ing the distribution of the magnetic Force at the surface of the globe, and which had been based on a too-limited induction, was erroneous, and that even the broad out­ line of the general view of terrestrial magnetism had to be recast. The observations on which this discovery rested, (being those which I had had an opportunity of making in 1818, 1819 and 1820 within the Arctic Circle, and at New York in 1822,) were published in 1825*; they constituted, I may be permitted to say, an important feature in the views, which led the British Association in the year 1835 to request that a report should be prepared, in which the state of our knowledge in respect to the variations of the magnetic Force at different parts of the earth’s sur­face should be reviewed, and, as is customary in the reports presented to that very useful institution, that those measures should be pointed out which appeared most desirable for the advancement of this branch of science. In the maps attached to the report, the isodynamic lines on the surface of the globe were drawn simply in conformity with observations, and unmixed with hypothesis of any sort. The obser­vations collected for that purpose were not those of any particular individual or of any single nation, but embodied the results obtained by all persons who up to that period had taken part in such researches, subjected to such amount of discussion only as conveyed a knowledge of the modes of observation severally employed, and reduced the whole to a common unit.

Contributions to terrestrial magnetism. No. VII

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 622-623
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Broad Outline ◽  
Different Parts

From the discovery which was made of the non-coincidence of the locality of the maximum magnetic intensity, within the Arctic circle, with that in which the magnetic direction is vertical, it followed that the generally prevailing opinions respecting the distribution of magnetic force at the surface of the earth were erroneous, and that even the broad outline of the picture of terrestrial magnetism required to be recast. For the purpose of obtaining sufficiently copious and accurate materials, by means of which so desirable an object could be accomplished, the British Association for the Advancement of Science requested, in the year 1835, a report to be prepared, in which the state of our knowledge, collected from a great variety of sources, with regard to the variations of the magnetic force at different parts of the earth’s surface, should be reviewed, and properly discussed, and suggestions offered as to the best means of extending the inquiry. In the report so obtained, it was recommended that magnetic surveys of that portion of the North American Continent, which is comprised within certain iso-dynamic lines, should be procured. The present paper contains the results of an expedition towards the accomplishment of this object, recommended by the President and Council of the Royal Society to be undertaken under the auspices and with the assistance of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Lieutenant Lefroy, of the Royal Artillery, who had received an appointment to the Toronto Observatory with a special view to this survey, was entrusted with the conduct of an expedition in conformity with that recommendation. The author gives a circumstantial narrative of the expedition, together with minute details of the instruments employed, and the methods of observation adopted; and extensive tables of the observations themselves, both as regards intensity and inclination, at the different stations where they were made, occupying altogether about 120 folio pages of manuscript.

Vanishing Assets: Conservation Status of U.S. Species

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence L. Master ◽  
Lynn S. Kutner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
John James Audubon ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
European Colonization

“The air was literally filled with pigeons; the light of noonday was obscured as by an eclipse.” So observed John James Audubon, the eminent naturalist and bird artist, of a mass migration of passenger pigeons (Ectopistes migratorius) passing through Kentucky in 1813. For three days the pigeons poured out of the Northeast in search of forests bearing nuts and acorns. By Audubon’s estimate, the flock that passed overhead contained more than I billion birds, a number consistent with calculations made by other ornithologists. As the pigeons approached their roost, Audubon noted that the noise they made “reminded me of a hard gale at sea passing through the rigging of a close-reefed vessel.” Indeed, they were so numerous that by some accounts every other bird on the North American continent was probably a passenger pigeon at the time of European colonization (Schorger 1955). Yet despite this extraordinary abundance, barely 100 years later the last passenger pigeon, a female bird named Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoo. The vast flocks of passenger pigeons moved around eastern North America, feeding mostly on the fruits of forest trees such as beechnuts and acorns. Two factors conspired to seal their fate. Because of their huge numbers, the birds were easy to hunt, especially at their roosting sites. Hunters were ingenious in developing increasingly efficient ways to slaughter the birds. Armed with sticks, guns, nets, or sulfur fires, hunters swept through the enormous roosting colonies, carting away what they could carry and feeding the remaining carcasses to their pigs. One of these methods, in which a decoy pigeon with its eyes sewn shut was attached to a perch, or stool, gave rise to the term stool pigeon. As the railroads expanded west, enormous numbers could be sent to major urban markets like New York, where pigeons became the cheapest meat available. They were so cheap and abundant that live birds were used as targets in shooting galleries. At the same time that this frontal assault on the pigeons was under way, human settlers were expanding into the interior of the country, clearing large areas of the forests on which the flocks depended for food.

RESULTS OF A DIFFERENTIAL OMEGA TEST IN THE MACKENZIE RIVER DELTA

Geophysics ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-520
Author(s):  
L. W. Sobczak ◽  
G. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Radio Navigation System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Area North ◽  
North Atlantic Area

In 1969 the Gravity Division of the Observatories Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, in cooperation with the Research, Development, and Programming Division of the Telecommunications and Electronics Branch of the Department of Transport, undertook an evaluation of the worldwide Omega Navigation System in the Arctic for the Polar Continental Shelf Project. Omega is a long‐range, very low frequency radio navigation system. It consists of 4 (Norway, Trinidad, Hawaii, and New York) of the planned 8 transmitters and provides navigational coverage for the North Atlantic area, North America, and parts of South America (Scull, 1969 and Dick‐Peddie, 1968). These stations presently transmit two frequencies (10.2 kHz and 13.6 kHz) in a sequential pattern synchronized in phase by means of atomic clocks (Tracor, 1968 and Findlay, 1968). The Omega receiver measures the difference of phase of received signals from a pair of transmitters. This measurement defines one line of position (LOP) in a family of hyperbolic lines. Lines of positions defined by the zero phase difference are the lines of position that are numbered on an Omega chart, and the distance between two such lines is known as a lane. A position is determined by the intersection of two lines of position within known lanes.

scholarly journals Satellite-observed variability and trend in sea-ice extent, surface temperature, albedo and clouds in the Arctic

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 457-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefino C. Comiso
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Concentration ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Ice Surface

AbstractRecent observations of a decreasing ice extent and a possible thinning of the ice cover in the Arctic make it imperative that detailed studies of the current Arctic environment are made, especially since the region is known to be highly sensitive to a potential change in climate. A continuous dataset of microwave, thermal infrared and visible satellite data has been analyzed for the first time to concurrently study in spatial detail the variability of the sea-ice cover, surface temperature, albedo and cloud statistics in the region from 1987 to 1998. Large warming anomalies during the last four years (i.e. 1995−98) are indeed apparent and spatially more extensive than previous years. The largest surface temperature anomaly occurred in 1998, but this was confined mainly to the western Arctic and the North American continent, while cooling occurred in other areas. The albedo anomalies show good coherence with the sea-ice concentration anomalies except in the central region, where periodic changes in albedo are observed, indicative of interannual changes in duration and areal extent of melt ponding and snow-free ice cover. The cloud-cover anomalies are more difficult to interpret, but are shown to be well correlated with the expected warming effects of clouds on the sea-ice surface. The results from trend analyses of the data are consistent with a general warming trend and an ice-cover retreat that appear to be even larger during the last dozen years than those previously reported.

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel L. Trudeau
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Resources

As this MRS Bulletin issue on “Advanced Materials for Energy Storage” was being finalized, the North American continent suffered one of its warmest summers ever recorded. The past two to three years have also been the warmest on record, August 1999 being the 21st consecutive month with above-average temperatures. Such deviations could be quite natural. Indeed, these temperature increases can be explained in part by increased solar activity. Yet, burning of fossil fuels and other human factors are considered likely contributors. Whether from human activities or cosmic effects, for human survival, technological solutions may be needed to keep the global temperature within tolerable margins.In a parallel development, the price of oil on the New York market has nearly doubled since the beginning of 1999. This current increase is directly related to self-controls imposed by the oil-producing countries. The price will probably not climb to excessive values, mainly because the oil-producing countries do not want other nations to develop competitive alternative technologies. However, these increases in oil prices could have devastating effects on the general economy, and again, the future is unpredictable.This situation poses an interesting dilemma for the scientific community. Scientists are trained to base conclusions on facts and respond with appropriate engineering solutions. Yet the extrapolation of global climate change is far from conclusive; the economies of nations can be volatile and often are determined by politics as opposed to science; and the needs of individual nations are varied and continue to evolve based on their local resources, economies, and environmental regulations.

scholarly journals Hydrological Variability and Changes in the Arctic Circumpolar Tundra and Its Largest Pan-Arctic river Basins from 2002 to 2016

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Suzuki ◽  
Koji Matsuo ◽  
Dai Yamazaki ◽  
Kazuhito Ichii ◽  
Yoshihiro Iijima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basins ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lena River ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Hydrological Variability ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Terrestrial Water

The Arctic freshwater budget is critical for understanding the climate in the northern regions. However, the hydrology of the Arctic circumpolar tundra region (ACTR) and the largest pan-Arctic rivers are still not well understood. In the present paper, we analyze the spatiotemporal variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) of the ACTR, including three of its largest pan-Arctic river basins (Lena, Mackenzie, Yukon), using monthly Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data from 2002 to 2016. Together with global land reanalysis, river runoff, and inundation extent area (IEA) data, we identify declining TWS trends throughout the ACTR that we attribute largely to increasing evapotranspiration driven by increasing summer air temperatures. In terms of regional changes, large and significant negative trends in TWS are observed mainly over the North American continent. At basin scale, we show that, in the Lena River basin, the autumnal TWS signal persists until the winter of the following year, while in the Mackenzie River basin, the TWS levels in the autumn and winter has no significant impact on the following year. As global warming is expected to be particularly significant in the northern regions, our results are important for understanding future TWS trends, with possible further decline.

Arctic Flights

1928 ◽  
Vol 32 (214) ◽  
pp. 885-900
Author(s):  
G. H. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Full Advantage ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Way

When Trans-Arctic transportation becomes common, when air routes take full advantage of great circle courses, when we travel from New York to New Guinea via Point Barrow, Alaska, from Chicago to China almost hitting the North Pole on the way, and from San Francisco to Moscow via Spitsbergen, then, and then only, will those concerned with aerial transportation realise the facilities the Arctic affords the aerial navigator.

THE SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL, SITONA CYLINDRICOLLIS FAHR.

1947 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Bird
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sweet Clover ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
International Boundary ◽  
Periodic Fluctuations

Farmers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan have reported considerable losses of sweet clover from the attacks of a small, dark grey weevil, Sitona cylindricollis Fahr. This insect is widely distributed in central and southern Europe and occurs in Ireland, England, Germany and France. It is not known when it was first introduced to the North American continent. Brown (2) found it abundant in 1927 from Montreal, Que., to a point on the International Boundary near Hemmingford, Que., and the Canadian National Collection contains specimens taken at Hemmingford in 1924 and 1925. Brown also reports that this species, was very abundant in the Ottawa, Ont., district in 1928 and that he took it at Shediac, N. B., in 1939. Hyslop (6) wrote thal S. cylindricollis was first found in the United States in 1933 at Middlebury, Vt., and that it was collected at Storrs, Conn., Amherst, Mass., and on the New York side of Lake Champlain Valley. In 1935 Caesar (3) found it near Lindsay and Newmarket, Ont., where it war causing severe damage to sweet clover. It was first recorded in Manitoba in 1939 when a widespread infestation occurred. In 1940 it completely defoliated a field of sweet clover near Waldeck, Sask., and by 1943 it was abundant at Medicine Hat, Alta. Following this rapid spread through the continent it has shown periodic fluctuations. Severe damage occurred in Manitoba in 1939 and 1940. In 1941 and 1942 it was somewhat reduced, becomming severe again in 1943, 1944 and 1945.

scholarly journals Being Ourselves: Immigrant Culture and Self-Identification Among Young Haitians in Montréal

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Scooter Pégram
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Continent ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Immigration Legislation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Immigrant Culture ◽  
Political Persecution ◽  
Eastern Seaboard

Since the early 1960s, large numbers of Haitians have emigrated from their native island nation. Changes in federal immigration legislation in the 1970s in both the United States and Canada enabled immigrants of colour a facilitated entry into the two countries, and this factor contributed to the arrival of Haitians to the North American continent. These newcomers primarily settled in cities along the eastern seaboard, in Boston, Miami, Montréal and New York. The initial motivator of this two-wave Haitian migration was the extreme political persecution that existed in Haiti under the iron-fisted rule of the Duvalier dictatorships and their secret police (popularly known as the “tontons macoutes”) over a thirty year period from the late 1950s to the mid 1980s.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE DRIFT OF THE “NORTH POLE-1” RESEARCH STATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-236
Author(s):  
K. V. Popov ◽  
N. V. Libina ◽  
M. G. Ushakova
Keyword(s):  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
The North ◽  
125Th Anniversary ◽  
Polar Day ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Every year on May 21 in our country is celebrated Polar Day. And not without purpose, because that day in 1937 the world-famous event took place: the four-engine N-170 airplane, piloted by M.V. Vodopyanov, landed on the ice of the Arctic Ocean in the region of the North Pole (89º25’N and 78º40 ‘w.d.). Here began the path of the scientific drifting station North Pole-1. This was the first scientific expedition in the North Pole area, in 274 days it drifted 2,100 km to the southern tip of Greenland (Cape Forvel). More than a hundred books and articles have been written about the history of its creation, the legendary drift, participants and scientific results. First of all, the diaries of the participants should be included here. Reading these books and having an idea of the north by participating in sea expeditions to the Arctic, one involuntarily wonders how people survived and worked in such difficult conditions, about the nature surrounding them and how variable the weather could be above their heads. Comparing the selection of photographs with the diaries of the drift participants, we tried to trace how the situation (landscapes of the drift) changed from the moment of landing and until the removal of the Papanin camp on February 19, 1938. The article is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the head of the expedition SP-1 – I.D. Papanin. Photo materials for the article are based on the I.D. Papanin handed over to his father K.V. Popov – to Vladimir Ivanovich Popov, who worked under the direction of I.D. Papanin at the Research Institute of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok, and his former friend.

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