II. Experimental researches in electricity.-twenty-second series (continued)

1849 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pure Zinc ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
Original Direction ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Close Form ◽  
Magnetic Poles ◽  
Experimental Researches

2535. Zinc.—Plates of zinc broken out of crystallized masses gave irregular indications, and, being magnetic from the impurity in them, the effects might be due entirely to that circumstance. Pure zinc was thrown down electro-chemically on platina from solutions of the chloride and the sulphate. The former occurred in ramifying dendritic associations of small crystal; the latter in a compact close form. Both were free from magnetic action and freely diamagnetic, but neither showed any trace of the magnecrystallic action. 2536. Titanium.—Some good crystals of titanium obtained from the bottom of an iron furnace, were cleansed by the alternate action of acids and fluxes until as clear from iron as I could procure them. They were bright, well-formed and magnetic (2371), and contained iron, I think, diffused through their whole mass, for nitro-muriatic acid, by long boiling, continually removed titanium and iron from them. These crystals had a certain magnetic property which I am inclined to refer to their crystalline condition. When between the poles of the electro-magnet, they set; and when the electric current was discontinued, they still set between the poles of the enfeebled magnet as they did before. If left to itself a crystal always took the same position, showing that it was constantly rendered magnetic in the same direc­tion. But if a crystal was placed and kept in another position between the magnetic poles whilst the electric current was on, and afterwards the current suspended, and then the crystal set free, it pointed between the poles of the enfeebled magnet in this new direction; showing that the magnetism was in a different direction in the body of the crystal to that which it had before. If now the magnet were reinvigorated by the electric current, the crystal instantly spun round and took a magnetic state in the first or original direction. The crystals could in fact become magnetized in any direction, but there was one direction in which they could be magnetized with a facility and force greater than in any other. From the appearances I am inclined to refer this to the crystalline condition, but it may be due to an irregular diffusion of iron in the masses of titanium. The crystals were too small for me to make out the point clearly.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity. Twenty-fifth series. On the magnetic and diamagnetic condition of bodies

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 995-997
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
The One ◽  
Magnetic Poles ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Different Gases ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

As the author could find no polarity in diamagnetic bodies when under magnetic influence (a result described in the 23rd Series of these Researches), he endeavoured to discover some other physical condition of them, and of magnetic bodies, by which he might obtain an insight into their respective natures, and establish the true place of the magnetic zero; and considering the power with which a magnetic body moves, or tends to move, from weaker to stronger places of action, and that of a diamagnetic body to pass from stronger to weaker places of action, he hoped to obtain some results of condensation with the first class, and of expansion with the second, when they were subjected to very strong magnetic action; the respective bodies being selected from the class of gaseous substances, in which change of volume can be easily produced and measured. In the first place, therefore, a ray of light was passed over the surface of powerful magnetic poles surrounded by different gases, and the place of its source carefully examined by telescopes, micrometers, and other means, to ascertain whether the layer of air in contact with the poles was affected in its refracting force; but though the experiment was made in oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases, not the slightest effect was visible. Resigning this process, therefore, two air-tight chambers were made, in which the magnetic poles formed the chief part of the internal surface of the chamber. The one was formed by bringing the flat ends of the two poles to within 1/60th of an inch of each other, with a frame all round to form the sides; and the other by cutting away the central parts of an iron cylinder so as to give it the form of an hour-glass, and then enclosing that part by an air-tight copper tube. Cocks were attached to these chambers for the introduction and removal of gases, and for the application of gauges, which were able to indicate a change of volume equal to the part of the contents of the chamber. When any given gas was introduced into the chamber, and the latter then placed between the poles of the electro-magnet, any possible alteration of volume would be shown by the gauge as soon as the magnet was rendered active; but whatever gas was employed, or whatever power of magnet used, not the slightest change was produced.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 567-569 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
The One ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Fundamental Experiment

For a long time past the author had felt a strong persuasion, derived from philosophical considerations, that among the several powers of nature which in their various forms of operation on matter produce different classes of effects, there exists an intimate relation; that they are connected by a common origin, have a reciprocal dependence on one another, and are capable, under certain conditions, of being converted the one into the other. Already have electricity and magnetism afforded evidence of this mutual convertibility; and in extending his views to a wider sphere, the author became convinced that these powers must have relations with light also. Until lately his endeavours to detect these relations were unsuccessful; but at length, on instituting a more searching interrogation of nature, he arrived at the discovery recorded in the present paper, namely, that a ray of light may be electrified and magnetized; and that lines of magnetic force may be rendered luminous. The fundamental experiment revealing this new and important fact, which establishes a link of connexion between two great departments of nature, is the following. A ray of light issuing from an Argand lamp is first polarized in the horizontal plane by reflexion from a glass mirror, and then made to pass, for a certain space, through glass composed of silicated borate of lead, on its emergence from which it is viewed through a Nichol's eye-piece, capable of revolving on a horizontal axis, so as to intercept the ray, or allow it to be transmitted, alternately, in the different phases of its revolution. The glass through which the ray passes, and which the author terms the diamagnetic , is placed between the two poles of a powerful electro-magnet, arranged in such a position as that the line of magnetic forces resulting from their combined action shall coincide with, or differ but little from the course of the ray in its passage through the glass. It was then found that if the eye-piece had been so turned as to render the ray invisible to the observer looking through the eye-piece before the electric current had been established, it becomes visible whenever, by the completion of the circuit, the magnetic force is in operation; but instantly becomes again invisible on the cessation of that force by the interruption of the circuit. Further investigation showed that the magnetic action causes the plane of polarization of the polarized ray to rotate, for the ray is again rendered visible by turning the eye-piece to a certain extent; and that the direction of the rotation impressed upon the ray, when the magnetic influence is issuing from the south pole, and proceeding in the same direction as the polarized ray, is right-handed, or similar to that of the motion of the hands of a watch, as estimated by an observer at the eye-piece. The direction in which the rotation takes place will, of course, be reversed by reversing either the course of the ray or the poles of the magnet. Hence it follows that the polarized ray is made to rotate in the same direction as the currents of positive electricity are circulating, both in the helices composing the electro-magnet, and also in the same direction as the hypothetical currents, which, according to Ampere’s theory, circulate in the substance of a steel magnet. The rotatory action was found to be always directly proportional to the intensity of the magnetic force, but not to that of the electric current; and also to be proportional to the length of that portion of the ray which receives the influence. The interposition of substances which occasion no disturbance of the magnetic forces, produces no change in these effects. Magnets consisting only of electric helices act with less power than when armed with iron, and in which magnetic action is consequently more strongly developed.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity. Twenty-sixth series. On magnetic conducting power and atmospheric magnetism

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 998-1000
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
Magnetic Poles ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Two Bodies

The remarkable results respecting oxygen and nitrogen described in the last Series, and the absence of any change of volume under strong magnetic action, led the author to apply for a time the idea of conducting power to the magnetic phenomena there described, meaning by that phrase the capability which bodies possess of affecting the transmission of the magnetic force without any reference to the process by which that transmission is effected; and assuming that two bodies are at the same time in the magnetic field, and that one displaces the other, he considers the result as a differential effect of their difference in conducting power. If a free portion of space be considered with lines of equal magnetic force passing across it, they will be straight and parallel lines. If a sphere of paramagnetic matter be placed in such a space, they will gather upon and in the sphere, being no longer parallel in their course, nor of equal intensity in every part; or if a sphere of diamagnetic matter replace the former sphere, the lines of force will open out where the sphere is, being again no longer parallel in direction nor uniform in force. When the field of magnetic force is formed between the opposite flat ends of two large magnetic poles, then these are affected, and the globes also, and there are mutual actions; a paramagnetic body, if a little elongated, points axially and tends to go to the iron walls of the field, whilst a similar diamagnetic body points equatorially, and tends to go to the middle of the field. Paramagnetic bodies repel each other, and so also do diamagnetic bodies; but one of each class being taken, they attract one another.

scholarly journals Сlinical signs and pathoanatomical changes in the brain for poisoning of domestic turkeys with diazinon

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (92) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
R. S. Dankovych ◽  
V. V. Tumanov
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Perivascular Edema ◽  
Cholinergic Synapses ◽  
The Masses

For today, the actual problem of veterinary medicine is the poisoning of animals with organophosphorus pesticides, which are used as insecticides and acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, nematocides. One of the highly effective nonspecific organophosphorus insecticides is diazinon, which enters the body causing poisoning of various species of birds. The basis of the toxic action of diazinon is the ability to block the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. As a result, acetylcholine is accumulated in cholinergic synapses, excessive stimulation of the nerves and muscles is noted, and in the future, a violation of the normal passage of nerve impulses develops. Research was carried out of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in which spontaneous poisoning with diazinon was recorded. Detailed study of clinical signs that develop as a result of poisoning. The activity of the acetylcholinesterase of the serum of blood in the experimental birds was determined by the method of Hestrin. The section of birds that were killed was carried out by the method of Shore. Sections of organs were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, 96% ethanol and Carnoua liquid. The histo-cuttings were made by means of a stent microtome, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The histological study of the preparations and their photographing was performed using a Leica DM-2500 (Switzerland) microscope, a Leica DFC450C camera and the Leica Application Suite Version 4.4 software. For the production of ultrathin sections, as well as for conducting electron microscopy, pieces of organs were fixed in Millonig’s buffer pH 7,36. Half-thin and ultrathin cuts were made on ultramicrotome LKB-2188 Ultrotome NOVA. The specimens were viewed and photographed in a Tesla BS-500 transmissive electron microscope, at an accelerating voltage of 60, 90 kV. In the pathoanatomical study, expressed discirculatory processes in the form of acute congestive hyperemia, stasis, perivascular edema and hemorrhages, as well as necrotic changes in cardiomyces, hepatocytes, nephrocytes and brain neurons. An electron microscopic study also found destruction of synapses in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. When autopsy selected material (feed the masses crop of birds) for chemical-toxicological research. As a result the research the extract of selected content crop of birds by the method of thin-layer chromatography paper manifestation of iodine bismuth quality received positive reaction on the compound diazinon.

Democratising Moves: Power, Agency and the Body

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
Stacey Prickett
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
American Values ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Masses

Abstract Recently, the word ’democracy’ has been featured prominently in the press, with calls to restore it, save it from ominous threats and expose challenges to its principles, all predicated on an assumed understanding of the concept. Many of the roots of today’s democracies reach back to the 18th century revolutions in the pre-U.S. American colonies and France, which continue to reinforce Euro-American values and ideologies of nation. The transfer of power remains a defining principle, shifting control from elites to the masses. How do the principles that inspired democratic revolutions relate to the ballot-box versions of democracy today? This article considers contemporary complexities of democracy as a concept, offering examples of how it is embodied through iconography, gestures of defiance and civil disobedience. Democratic values are explored in more formal choreography and in creative processes that establish associations with political agency.

Things are Not Always What They Seem! Joule Burns in Electrocution—A Report of Four Cases

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. Odesanmi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gold Leaf ◽  
Earth Fault ◽  
Electrical Engineers ◽  
Tear Gas ◽  
University Undergraduates ◽  
Electric Burns

The police dispersed a crowd of University undergraduates with tear gas, and four of these students were later found dead around an advertisement pole carrying a plastic encasement displaying the picture of ‘Gold Leaf’ cigarette. It was alleged that the students were killed by the police. Autopsy of the four students revealed electric burns scattered all over the body. These burns were later found to be situated at points where the body had made contact with the advertisement pole. The pole was later examined by a team of electrical engineers and found to have a severe earth fault which on test resulted in a potentiation of 175 volts between the body of the sign post and the immediate surrounding. It was the source of the electric current that caused the death of the students.

On the spectra of ignited gases and vapours, with especial regard to the different spectra of the same elementary gaseous sub­stance

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 153-157
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Induction Coil ◽  
Characteristic Lines

In order to obtain the spectra of the elementary bodies, we may employ either flame or the electric current. The former is the more easily managed, but its temperature is for the most part too low to volatilize the body to be examined, or, if it be volatilized or already in the state of gas, to exhibit its characteristic lines. In most cases it is only the electric current that is fitted to produce these lines; and the current furnished by a powerful induction coil was what the authors generally employed.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 91-93
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Electric Current Passing ◽  
Electrical Condition ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Electrical Induction ◽  
Experimental Researches

This paper is divided into four parts: the first being on the Induction of Electric Currents; the second, on the Evolution of Electricity from Magnetism; the third, on a new Electrical Condition of Matter; and the fourth, on Arago’s Magnetic Phænomena. The author defines electrical induction to be the power which electrical currents possess of inducing any particular state upon matter in their immediate neighbourhood. A great length of copper wire, 1-20th of an inch in diameter, was wound round a cylinder of wood so as to compose two helices, the coils of which were intermixed, but prevented from touching each other by interposed threads of twine and calico. One helix was connected with a voltaic battery, and the other with a galvanometer. No effect was perceived on the latter, with a battery of 10 plates; a slight effect only with one of 100 plates; and a distinct deflection of the needle of the galvanometer occurred when the contact was made with a battery of 120 plates. While the contact was preserved, the needle returned to its natural position, and was unaffected by the electric current passing through the wire connected with the battery; but on breaking the connexion, the needle of the galvanometer was again deflected, but in a direction contrary to that of its former deflection. Hence it is inferred that the electric current sent by the battery through one wire, induced a similar current through the other wire, but only at the moment the contact was made; and a current in the contrary direction when the passage of the electricity was suddenly interrupted. These transitory currents, resembling waves, were found to be capable of magnetizing needles placed within the helix. Collateral currents, either in the same or in opposite directions, exert no permanent inductive power on each other.

scholarly journals Some experiments and observations on a new substance which becomes a violet-coloured gas by heat

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 483-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Metallic Oxides ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Imperial Institute

The discovery now announced to the Society was made about two years since by M. Courtois, a manufacturer of saltpetre at Paris. It is procured from the ashes of sea-weeds: after the extraction of the carbonate of soda, the addition of strong sulphuric acid extricates this substance in the form of a violet vapour, which condenses in crystals, that have the colour and lustre of plumbago. The colour of its vapour has occasioned the French chemists to give it the name of iode, from i ώ δ η s , violaceous . Specimens of this substance were given to MM. Desormes and Clement, who have given a memoir upon it to the Imperial Institute, describing its principal properties. Its specific gravity is said to be about 4. It volatilizes at a temperature rather below that of boiling water. It combines with phosphorus, with sulphur, with metals, metallic oxides, and with alkalies, forming with ammonia a detonating compound. It dissolves in alcohol, or ether; and with hydrogen it forms a compound very similar to muriatic acid gas, but which M. Gay-Lussac, in a memoir read to the Institute, shows to be a peculiar acid, distinct from the muriatic: and he compares the body itself to oxymuriatic acid or chlorine; for, like that body, it may either be supposed simple, or thought to contain oxygen.

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