PATHOHISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PIGS WITH MYCOPLASMOSIS

A pathological autopsy was performed on 6 corpses of piglets in the first week of life who died from mycoplasmosis. Examination of the visible mucous membranes revealed hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and thymus. Simultaneous lesions of the pharyngeal, parotid, cervical, mandibular lymph nodes were noted. They were slightly enlarged, from dark pink to dark red. The heart is irregularly shaped due to the expansion of the right ventricle or the diffuse expansion of all departments. Lungs have doughy consistency, uneven color. In some cases, there are diffuse red areas covering the entire lobe of the lungs, in other cases, there is a defeat of small areas. The liver has a smooth surface, soft or pasty consistency, the parenchyma pattern is slightly smoothed in section. The color of the liver is different: dark red areas, without clear boundaries turn into creamy-clay. Flatulence was a characteristic feature of the stomach and intestines. Catarrhal enteritis was registered in animals, which manifested itself in the form of moderate hyperemia of the intestinal mucosa and serous membranes. Microscopically, there is a significant blood supply to the vessels in the lungs. Alveoli are half fall down, in the form of slit-like lumens. In areas of tissue infiltration by inflammatory infiltrate, the alveolar wall is thickened, alveocytes are in a state of turbid swelling and vacuolar dystrophy, they are impregnated with erythrocytes. Peribronchial pneumonia of lymphocytic character is observed. The liver is in a state of acute venous hyperemia. The central and intraparticle capillaries are sharply dilated and filled with blood in some lobes, and the hepatic beams are compressed accordingly. In the center of other lobes, diffuse infiltration of liver tissue by erythrocytes as a consequence of diapedesis is noted. Hepatocytes are in a state of granular dystrophy. Destructive changes are strongly expressed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine: desquamation of the epithelium, necrosis of epitheliocytes and villi, destruction of crypts. In the brain tissue, there is dilation of the lumens of large and small blood vessels, extracellular and perivascular edema, areas of reactive necrosis.

Ultrastructural changes in the microvessels and perivascular space in cerebral infarction in the experiment

Background. Ischemic stroke is the second most common cause of death after coronary heart disease and the most common cause of disability worldwide. Much of the recent basic research on stroke is concerned with the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction and adaptation of the neurovascular block, which includes the blood-brain barrier structures, microglia, neurons, and the extracellular matrix of the basement membrane. Isolated studies of recent years have been devoted to the issues of morphology and in particular the ultrastructure of the brain in ischemic injury. Meanwhile, only morphological studies can reveal the peculiarities of the response of cellular structures to the influence of various adverse factors. Objective – to investigate ultrastructural changes in the vessels of the brain and perivascular space in experimental ischemic heart attack. Methods. Experimental cerebral infarction was reproduced on 15 white Wistar rats by injection of a suspension of barium sulfate in sterile saline in a ratio of 1: 3 in the amount of 0.1 -0.3 ml. Three animals formed a control group. The material was collected in terms of: up to 3, 9, 12 days and more than 12 days from the beginning of the experimental action, followed by standard processing of the material for electron microscopy. Results. In the early stages of ischemic brain damage perivascular edema, destructive changes of capillaries with destruction of basement membranes are registered. Some microvessels undergo irreversible changes with deformation of the vascular lumen, pyknosis and lysis of endothelial nuclei, destruction and vacuolation of cytoplasmic structures, microvacuolation and edema of mitochondria with partial destruction of cristae and enlightenment of the mitochondrial matrix. In the endothelium with signs of coagulation processes in the cytoplasm and nucleus, changes in cell contacts were observed. Structural changes of vessels are combined with changes of perivascular processes of astrocytes. On days 9 and 12, the structure of the endothelium, perivascular astrocytes, and intercellular contacts are restored. Hyperplasia of intracytoplasmic structures, increase in mitochondria and length of cytoplasmic network are noted. In the cells of the perivascular environment and in the cytoplasm of pericytes a significant number of phagolysosomes is detected, in the long term in the perifocal areas of irreversible ischemic changes around the vessels is reparative astrogliosis. Conclusion. Ultrastructural changes of the microcirculatory part in the perifocal areas of ischemic lesions within 3 days are characterized by perivascular edema and destructive changes in the endothelium of capillaries and pericytes, damage to basement membranes, changes in cell contacts. After 9-12 days in the endothelium, the processes of intracellular regeneration increase, the ultrastructure of intercellular contacts is restored. A significant number of phagolysosomes is registered in the cells of the perivascular environment and in the cytoplasm of pericytes, and reparative astrogliosis is detected in the perifocal areas of irreversible ischemic changes around the vessels.

Effect of the Model of one-Time Shift Work in the Highlands on the Behavior and Structural Organization of the Cerebellum

In Kyrgyzstan, 94% of the entire territory of the country is occupied by mountains. There are significant resources located here, the development of which is often associated with the temporary ascent to significant heights and descent to the low mountains of specialists in various fields of work. At the same time, information about the state of brain structures and the behavior of animals and humans in these conditions is scarce. Objective: to study the influence of the model of a one-time 8-hour shift work in the highlands on the histophysiology of the cerebellum and individual behavior of rats. The work was performed on 28 white mongrel male rats weighing 250–310 g. The low-mountain series of the experiment was carried out at an altitude of 760 m above sea level (Bishkek). The high-altitude series was modeled on the Tuya-Ashu pass-3200 m above sea level (Kyrgyzstan). Behavioral activity was evaluated using the Open field method, muscle strength according to the S. V. Speransky method on the 3rd day of the experiment. The microcirculation of the cerebellum was studied microscopically under the Olympus B×40 light microscope (Japan). Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in the SPSS 16.0 program. In the highlands, the indicators of the mink reflex increase by 1.43 times, and the level of defecation increases by 8.5 times, which is a marker of increased vegetative activity of the body. Remodeling of cerebellar angioarchitectonics in the highlands is characterized by hypercapillarization, signs of blood stagnation, perivascular edema, enlargement of nucleoli, moderate hyperchromia of neurons of the molecular and granular layers. Thus, in the highlands, changes in behavioral activity are more pronounced than the remodeling of capillaries, neurons and glial elements, which are adaptive in nature.

Morphological features of the large intestine in experimental acute generalized peritonitis against the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The work is a fragment of the research project “Pathogenetic features of the allergic and inflammatory processes course and their pharmacocorrection”, conducted by the Department of Pathological Physiology, Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University (state registration No. 0116U004503). The aim of the work: to study the morphological features of the colon in the dynamics of the development of experimental acute peritonitis on the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods. The experiment used 48 white male rats. Diabetes mellitus in experimental animals was simulated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (Sigma) at a rate of 60 mg/kg, acute disseminated peritonitis – the introduction of 0.5 ml of 10 % filtered fecal suspension into the abdominal cavity. A morphological study of the colon in animals removed from the experiment on the first, third and seventh days of acute peritonitis on the background of concomitant diabetes mellitus was performed. Results and Discussion. Morphological examination of the colon of animals on the first day of experimental acute peritonitis in conditions of concomitant streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus revealed an increase in the size of the crypts due to stroma edema and lymphohistiocytic infiltration, slight perivascular edema in the subclavian edema. On the third day, thickening of the mucous membrane of the colon, a sharp increase in the depth of the crypts, uneven blood supply to the vessels in the submucosal layer with a predominance of perivascular edema were verified. On the seventh day, a decrease in the thickness of the mucous membrane due to the expansion of the crypts was visualized. Part of the epitheliocytes was in a phase of increased secretory activity, the other part was dystrophically altered, which stimulated increased lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration. These changes were accompanied by activation of reactive processes and hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles on the first day of peritonitis on the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and as the severity of purulent inflammation – hypoplasia of the lymphoid tissue and a decrease in local reactivity(the third and seventh days of the development of acute peritoneal burning in conditions of combined pathology).

Crotalaria spectabilis poisoning in a horse

Plant poisoning is an important cause of death in horses and cattle in Brazil. Crotalaria sp. has stood out in this scenario due to its toxic potential caused by monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found throughout the plant, mainly in seeds. Here is reported a case of Crotalaria spectabilis poisoning a horse. A horse consumed oats contaminated with Crotalaria spectabilis seed and presented clinical signs of toxicosis characterized by jaundice, progressive weight loss, hemoglobinuria, subcutaneous edema in the pectoral region and neurological symptoms typical of hepatic encephalopathy. In the serum evaluation, there was an increase in the activity of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), urea, creatinine and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). At necropsy, the main macroscopic findings were opaque and congested liver with capsular irregularity and accentuated the lobular pattern, trachea with foamy and pinkish fluid and congested and edematous pulmonary lobes. The main histopathological findings were hepatic fibrosis, periportal ductal hyperplasia, centrilobular necrosis, megalocytosis and binucleated hepatocytes. The brain parenchyma showed perivascular edema and Alzheimer type II astrocytes. Crotalaria sp. is among the main plants that cause acute or chronic mortality after exposure to the toxic compound in horses and farm animals.

On the mechanisms of damaging effect of diabetogenic chelators on the endothelium of blood capillaries in pancreatic islets

Authors showed that administration of diabetic zinc binders (DZC) to animals is accompanied not only by destruction and death of B cells, but also by the development of morphological changes in the capillaries of pancreatic islets at the site of contact with B cells (destruction of the capillary endothelium sites, change in the shape of the capillary lumen, erythrocytes adhesion, perivascular edema, hyperemia). Vascular changes are usually late complications of diabetes. To answer the question: are the described changes in islet capillaries a late complication of diabetes (1) or is it the result of the direct damaging effect of DZC (2), low doses of DZC that do not cause diabetes in animals are used, forming a toxic zinc-dithizone complex only at B-pole cells in contact with the capillary wall. It was shown that in this case, the capillary wall is damaged in the absence of diabetes, which indicates a direct damaging effect of DZC not only on B-cells but also on the endothelium of islet capillaries. This is not a direct cause of the development of these forms of diabetes, but may be accompanied by circulatory disorders in pancreatic islets and a worsening of the course of the disease.

FEATURES OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SKIN OF WHITE RATS 60 AND 90 DAYS AFTER MODELING OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION

The aim: The aim of the research was to study the features of the ultrastructure of the skin of white rats 60 and 90 days after modeling of portal hypertension. Materials and methods: The investigations were performed on male white nonlinear rats. The animals of the first (control) group underwent a sham operation. In rats of the second group, portal hypertension was simulated by applying a ligature to the portal vein. 60 and 90 days after the start of the experiment, a biopsy was taken from the anterior abdominal wall for electron microscopy research. Results: It was shown that skin in intact animals (control group) was of typical structure before beginning of experiment and 60 and 90 days after a sham operation. 60 days after the start of the experiment, we found severe edema of the basal and spinous layer of the epidermis, breakdown of intercellular contacts, edema of endotheliocytes, their perivascular edema, leukocytes infiltration, edema of mitochondria and lysosomes. 90 days after the start of the experiment, ultrastructural changes in the skin were more pronounced. Ultrastructural changes of microvessels were characterized by narrowed lumen. Endothelial cells had significant edema. Conclusions: Тhe data obtained should be taken into account when performing surgical interventions to prevent complications in the formation of the scar.

WHITE RATS BRAIN HISTOPATHOLOGY CHANGES IN THE FORM OF CONGESTION AND PERIVASCULAR EDEMA DUE TO TAPE YEAST SUPPLEMENTATION IN FEED

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan histologi otak tikus putih akibat pemberian tambahan ragi tape dalam pakan pada dosis bertahap serta lama pemberian. Tikus putih betina sebanyak 24 ekor digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Tikus putih percobaan diberi pakan campuran pellet dan ragi tape. Tikus putih dikelompokkan menjadi empat perlakuan dengan enam kali ulangan, yaitu: P0: kontrol; P1: pemberian ragi tape 100 mg/kg BB; P2: pemberian ragi tape 200 mg/kg BB; P3: pemberian ragi tape 300 mg/kg BB. Semua tikus putih perlakuans, setelah nyawa tikus dikorbankan, dinekropsi pada hari ke-22. Jaringan otak diambil dan diproses untuk dibuat preparat dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE). Variabel yang diperiksa meliputi adanya lesi kongesti dan edema. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata pada kongesti dan edema dari kelompok perlakuan dibanding kelompok kontrol, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney untuk mengetahui rerata skor dari masing-masing perlakuan. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian ragi tape menyebabkan perubahan histologi pada otak tikus putih, berupa lesi kongesti dan edema, kerusakan otak terberat terjadi pada tikus yang memperoleh dosis perlakuan 300 mg/kg BB.

Polioencephalomalacia in Newborn Lamb

Background: Perinatal mortality in sheep is determined by death between 60 days of gestation and 28 days postpartum. The starvation / hypothermia complex was characterized by lambs that walked, but did not feed. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a descriptive term that indicates the morphological diagnosis for necrosis with softening of the gray matter in the brain. There are no data available in the literature relating PEM to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia complex in small ruminants. Thus, the objective of this work is to report a case of polyioencephalomalacia related to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia and septicemia complex in a newborn sheep.Case: A 5-day-old sheep mixed race (Dorper x Santa Inês), female, 3.0 kg, from a rural property in the Federal District, was sent to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the University of Brasilia, for a necropsy. Organ fragments were collected and fixed in a 10 % buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). Additionally, swabs from the meninges, eyeballs and navels were collected for bacteriology. The animal came from twin pregnancies and was weak since birth. With three days of life, it presented apathy, weakness, difficulty in breastfeeding, difficulty in walking, and decubitus in a self-auscultation position. After two days of evolution the lamb died. Macroscopically, eyeball opacity, omphalophlebitis and congested brain were observed. Microscopically in the frontal cortex, the leptomeninge was markedly thickened by a large number of neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasmocytes, associated with aggregates of free eosinophilic rods or in the cytoplasm of macrophages. In the underlying gray substance, the neurópilo was observed containing moderate amount of perineuronal vacuoles and distension of the perivascular space (perineuronal and perivascular edema), in addition to a large number of neurons with retracted and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm with the pycnotic and peripheral nucleus (neuronal necrosis). Moderate endothelial and astrocyte swelling was also observed. In the eyeball, they were seen in the anterior, posterior and vitreous chambers extending to the ciliary body, infiltrated by neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasmocytes and macrophages with a moderate amount of fibrin, which extended to the optic nerve papilla. In the vitreous chamber, a large number of free eosinophilic rods were found in the infiltrate and inside macrophages. The bulbar conjunctiva, the corneal limbus and the iridocorneal angle were slightly thickened by similar infiltrates. In the bacteriological examination of meninges, eyeballs and navels, pure Escherichia coli culture was isolated.Discussion: The diagnosis of PEM associated with meningitis and panuveitis in this study was based on clinical-pathological and microbiological findings. In small ruminants twin pregnancies occur more frequently, and it is common for puppies to be born weaker and not ingest colostrum properly, leading to a condition called failure in passive immunity transfer and thus developing some type of disease. Metabolic disorders that interfere with glycolysis and ATP production for neurons are among the causes of PEM, however there is little data in the literature relating PEM to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia complex. Another important factor related to inadequate colostrum intake and management is umbilical infections. Meningitis results from a septicemic manifestation of primary infection such as omphalophlebitis. The association of clinical and pathological data allowed the diagnosis of PEM associated with meningitis, which was confirmed by the isolation of Escherichia coli in pure culture.