scholarly journals Human host cell entry restriction of Lassa and other arenaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stott ◽  
Thomas Strecker ◽  
Toshana Foster
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Host Restriction ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Host Range ◽  
First Time ◽  
Entry Receptor

Arenaviruses are the largest family of viral haemorrhagic fever causing viruses. They have worldwide distribution and are divided into Old World (OW) and New World (NW) viruses based on their phylogeny, geographical distribution and serological cross-reactivity. Endemic to West Africa and South America, these emerging RNA viruses jump the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and highly fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. Recent increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most common arenavirus, Lassa, in Nigeria has emphasised that these viruses should no longer be treated as causes of sporadic epidemics. The immense impact of these outbreaks on human health is further exacerbated by the lack of vaccines and effective treatments and makes it imperative to understand the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis and immune evasion. Virus entry is a key determinant of viral host range, cellular tropism and disease outcome, hence, targeting this step of the arenavirus lifecycle could have significant impact on the control of viral infection. Our data demonstrate for the first time a synergistic restriction activity against arenavirus entry by two cellular host factors known for their control of enveloped virus infections. This co-operative restriction activity appears to conserved and we have evidence that arenaviruses may have evolved strategies to escape inhibition, through entry receptor switching, thus alluding to an understanding of the dynamics of arenavirus infection and adaptations that the viruses have made to escape host restriction pressures.

scholarly journals Broad receptor engagement of an emerging global coronavirus may potentiate its diverse cross-species transmissibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (22) ◽  
pp. E5135-E5143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Li ◽  
Ruben J. G. Hulswit ◽  
Scott P. Kenney ◽  
Ivy Widjaja ◽  
Kwonil Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Cell Surface Protein ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entry Receptor ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), identified in 2012, is a common enteropathogen of swine with worldwide distribution. The source and evolutionary history of this virus is, however, unknown. PDCoV belongs to the Deltacoronavirus genus that comprises predominantly avian CoV. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that PDCoV originated relatively recently from a host-switching event between birds and mammals. Insight into receptor engagement by PDCoV may shed light into such an exceptional phenomenon. Here we report that PDCoV employs host aminopeptidase N (APN) as an entry receptor and interacts with APN via domain B of its spike (S) protein. Infection of porcine cells with PDCoV was drastically reduced by APN knockout and rescued after reconstitution of APN expression. In addition, we observed that PDCoV efficiently infects cells of unusual broad species range, including human and chicken. Accordingly, PDCoV S was found to target the phylogenetically conserved catalytic domain of APN. Moreover, transient expression of porcine, feline, human, and chicken APN renders cells susceptible to PDCoV infection. Binding of PDCoV to an interspecies conserved site on APN may facilitate direct transmission of PDCoV to nonreservoir species, including humans, potentially reflecting the mechanism that enabled a virus, ancestral to PDCoV, to breach the species barrier between birds and mammals. The APN cell surface protein is also used by several members of the Alphacoronavirus genus. Hence, our data constitute the second identification of CoVs from different genera that use the same receptor, implying that CoV receptor selection is subjected to specific restrictions that are still poorly understood.

scholarly journals Sequential Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections Protect Ferrets against Novel 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1400-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Carter ◽  
Chalise E. Bloom ◽  
Eduardo J. M. Nascimento ◽  
Ernesto T. A. Marques ◽  
Jodi K. Craigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
H1n1 Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Novel H1n1 Influenza

ABSTRACTIndividuals <60 years of age had the lowest incidence of infection, with ∼25% of these people having preexisting, cross-reactive antibodies to novel 2009 H1N1 influenza. Many people >60 years old also had preexisting antibodies to novel H1N1. These observations are puzzling because the seasonal H1N1 viruses circulating during the last 60 years were not antigenically similar to novel H1N1. We therefore hypothesized that a sequence of exposures to antigenically different seasonal H1N1 viruses can elicit an antibody response that protects against novel 2009 H1N1. Ferrets were preinfected with seasonal H1N1 viruses and assessed for cross-reactive antibodies to novel H1N1. Serum from infected ferrets was assayed for cross-reactivity to both seasonal and novel 2009 H1N1 strains. These results were compared to those of ferrets that were sequentially infected with H1N1 viruses isolated prior to 1957 or more-recently isolated viruses. Following seroconversion, ferrets were challenged with novel H1N1 influenza virus and assessed for viral titers in the nasal wash, morbidity, and mortality. There was no hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) cross-reactivity in ferrets infected with any single seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses, with limited protection to challenge. However, sequential H1N1 influenza infections reduced the incidence of disease and elicited cross-reactive antibodies to novel H1N1 isolates. The amount and duration of virus shedding and the frequency of transmission following novel H1N1 challenge were reduced. Exposure to multiple seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses, and not to any single H1N1 influenza virus, elicits a breadth of antibodies that neutralize novel H1N1 even though the host was never exposed to the novel H1N1 influenza viruses.

The revised Permian genus Dagmarita Reitlinger, 1965 (Dagmaritinae, Foraminifera) and its phylogenetic relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-216
Author(s):  
Valerio Gennari ◽  
Roberto Rettori
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
3D Reconstructions ◽  
Nw Iran ◽  
Smaller Foraminifers ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
First Time

AbstractAmong Permian smaller foraminifers, the genus Dagmarita is one of the most studied due to its worldwide distribution. The detailed study of the Zal (NW Iran) and Abadeh (Central Iran) stratigraphic sections led to redescription of the genus Dagmarita and its taxonomic composition. In Dagmarita, a peculiar generic morphological character, represented by a secondary valvular projection, has been detected for the first time among globivalvulinid foraminifers. The phylogeny of Dagmarita, and in particular its ancestor Sengoerina, is discussed and the new species, D. ghorbanii n. sp. and D. zalensis n. sp., are introduced. Analogies and differences among all the species belonging to Dagmarita are highlighted and morphological features of the new taxa are shown in 3D reconstructions, useful for understanding differently oriented sections of the specimens in thin section.UUID: http://zoobank.org/3d8eb14c-7757-4cbd-877c-4bacd2d156da

Serological Differences after Acute Zika Virus Infections between Children and Adults: Implication for Use of a Serological Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurai Wongsawat ◽  
Patama Suttha ◽  
Sumalee Chanama ◽  
Somkid Srisopa ◽  
Nichapa Yonchoho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Positive Real ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Post Onset

Information is limited regarding differential serological responses after acute Zika virus (ZIKV) infections and prevalence of cross-reactivity with anti-dengue virus (DENV) assays comparing children and adults. Early convalescent sera from a cohort of suspected mild DENV cases between December 2016 and September 2018 at Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute in Thailand were tested for nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)–based anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG ELISAs (Euroimmun), and in-house anti-DENV IgM- and IgG-capture ELISAs. ZIKV cases were identified by positive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on urine. Sera from 26 (10 children and 16 adults) ZIKV and 237 (153 children and 74 adults) non-ZIKA cases collected at the median duration of 18 days (interquartile range [IQR] 18,19) post-onset of symptoms were tested. Comparing pediatric ZIKV to adult ZIKV cases, the mean anti-ZIKV IgM ratio was higher (2.12 versus 1.27 units, respectively; P = 0.07), whereas mean anti-ZIKV IgG ratio was lower (3.13 versus 4.24 units, respectively; P = 0.03). Sensitivity of anti-ZIKV IgM and specificity of anti-ZIKV IgG in pediatric ZIKV were higher than in adult ZIKV cases (80.0% versus 43.7% and 79.1% versus 43.2%, respectively). No cross-reactivity with anti-DENV IgM- and IgG-capture ELISA were reported in pediatric ZIKV cases in our study, whereas 25% and 12.5% were found in adult ZIKV cases, respectively. Age-related ZIKV serological differences have been observed. Positive NS1-based anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG ELISA at the early convalescent phase could be useful for ZIKV diagnosis in children, even in a dengue endemic setting.

A Brief Outline of Infectious Diseases of Olive

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Giovanni P. Martelli
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Virus Identification ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Viral Aetiology ◽  
Leafroll Virus

Abstract: Virus infections of olive (Olea europaea), to which littte attention has been paid up to a relatively recent past, are surprisingly widespread, as shown by: (i) the very high presence (above 50% in average) of double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNAs) in the plants analysed in the course of field surveys carried out especially in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries; (ii) the identification in these plants of 15 different viruses with diverse taxonomic allocation. Infections are generally symptomless. When shown, symptoms consist of deformations of fruits and leaves and of foliar discolourations ranging from chlorosis to bright yellowing. “Bumpy fruits” and the “Leaf yellowing complex” are the only two diseases whose viral aetiology seems to be convincingly ascertained. Virus identification is not based on biotests (mechanical transmission to herbaceous hosts is unreliable and there are no differential woody indicators available) nor on immunoenzymatic assays (ELISA), which are also unreliable, but on nucleic acid-based techniques (various RT-PCR protocols). The economic impact of infections has not been determined although recent reports indicate that some viruses seem to affect the yield and the quality of the oil. For an ultimate answer, a comparison needs to be done between selected and sanitazied accessions and their infected counterparts. Equally scanty is the information on the epidemiology of olive-infecting viruses, except for three necroviruses (OLV-1, TNV-D and OMMV), whose transmission through soil, direct or mediated by Olpidium brassicae, has been experimentally ascertained. Olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1) and Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV) are transmitted through seeds and seedlings and, like all the other viruses, with propagating material (nursery productions), which is the major responsible for their worldwide distribution. Viral infections have been detected in 22 countries in the five continents. Preventive control through certification schemes is desirable. One of such schemes designed and implemented in Italy, is based on the pomological and sanitary selection and sanitation of mother stocks.

Occurrence of Viruses in Wheat in the Great Plains Region, 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Burrows ◽  
Gary Franc ◽  
Charlie Rush ◽  
Tamla Blunt ◽  
Dai Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
First Time

Field surveys in 2008 determined the prevalence and diversity of viruses present in the Great Plains wheat crops. Symptomatic plants (n = 754) in nine states were tested for Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV, formerly known as High Plains virus), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV), using indirect ELISA. Virus prevalence varied greatly, with average frequency of detection highest for WSMV (47%), followed by WMoV (19%), TriMV (17%), BYDV-PAV (7%), and lowest for CYDV-RPV (2%). Most positive plant samples (37%) had one virus present, with decreasing frequencies for co-infection by two (19%), three (5%), or four viruses (1%). TriMV was detected for the first time in Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. WMoV was identified for the first time in Montana and Wyoming. Chlorotic streaks were more frequently associated with WSMV, WMoV, and TriMV (R = 0.166 to 0.342; P < 0.05), and stunting was more frequently associated with WMoV (R = 0.142; P = 0.004) or TriMV (R = 0.107; P = 0.033) than WSMV. Symptom severity did not increase with co-infection as compared to single virus infections, with the exception of plants co-infected with mite transmitted viruses in Texas. Accepted for publication 1 May 2009. Published 6 July 2009.

scholarly journals Additions to the Tanaidomorpha (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) from mud volcanoes and coral mounds of the Gulf of Cadiz and Horseshoe Continental Rise

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4377 (4) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
PATRICIA ESQUETE ◽  
MARINA R. CUNHA
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Gulf Of Cadiz ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Continental Rise ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Gulf Of Cádiz ◽  
First Time

The Tanaidacea collection from various research cruises carried out in the Gulf of Cadiz and Horseshoe Continental Rise between 2004 and 2012 yielded four species new to science that are described herein. Two belong to genera recorded for the first time since the original descriptions of their type species: Cetiopyge, described from the Gulf of Mexico and Gamboa from shallow waters of Macaronesia. The other two belong to the genera Collettea and Paragathotanais, both with a worldwide distribution. Additionally, specimens of Tumidochelia uncinata are described and illustrated to complete previous descriptions. Identification keys to all known genera of Nototanaidae, and the Eastern Atlantic species of Paragathotanais and Collettea are provided. This works raises the number of tanaidacean species known from the deep-sea habitats in the study region to a total of 22. 

Evidence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gene expression in rat anterior pituitaries and modulation by estrogens of TRH-like immunoreactivity and TRH-elongated peptide contents

1996 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Croissandeau ◽  
N Schussler ◽  
D Grouselle ◽  
P Pagesy ◽  
C Rauch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
First Time ◽  
Intact Rats

Abstract TRH gene expression in the anterior pituitary has previously been reported in the human in vivo and in the rat in vitro. Until now, modulation of this synthesis with glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones has been observed in rats. The present study demonstrates for the first time that the TRH gene is also expressed, in vivo, in the rat anterior pituitary and that anterior pituitary TRH-like immunoreactivity (TRH-LI) and elongated forms of the immediate TRH progenitor sequence (TRH-elongated peptide) contents are also modulated by estrogens (E2). To investigate the presence of proTRH mRNA in the rat anterior pituitary, total RNA was reverse transcribed (RT) and the RT products were then amplified by PCR. Treatments with E2 were performed on intact and ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 2 months. TRH-LI was measured by RIA with an antibody which did not recognize the TRH-like peptide, pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH2 (<EEP-NH2) (cross-reactivity <0·1%) and was characterized further as TRH-LI by HPLC. TRH-elongated peptides were measured by EIA and characterized by Sephadex G-50 chromatography and immunoblotting (molecular mass 25–35 kDa). The plasma prolactin levels and the pituitary sizes were increased by E2 treatment in both intact and OVX rats. Anterior pituitary TRH-LI increased in intact E2-treated rats compared with intact rats (82·7 ± 19·0 versus 39·6 ± 3·6 fmol/mg protein; means ± s.e.m.; P<0·001). This increase was greater when E2 was administered to OVX rats (599·0 ± 98·4 after E2 treatment versus 58·6 ± 3·6 fmol/mg protein; P<0·001). In intact rats, anterior pituitary TRH-elongated peptide contents were not modified by E2 treatment while they were significantly decreased in OVX E2-treated rats (144·6 ±8·8 versus 223·7 ± 9·5 fmol/mg protein; P<0·001). These results demonstrate TRH gene expression in the rat anterior pituitary in vivo and suggest that E2 treatment is responsible for an increase in anterior pituitary TRH-LI, together with a decrease in TRH-elongated peptide contents. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 151, 87–96

scholarly journals Can proteomics of snake venoms help drug discovery? A study on the venom of spectacled cobra (Naja naja) from the Western Ghats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muralidharan Vanuopadath ◽  
Dileepkumar Raveendran ◽  
Bipin Gopalakrishnan Nair ◽  
Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Naja Naja ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Western Ghats

AbstractVenom proteome profiling is important to understand the toxicology and treatment of persons poisoned by animal venoms. An in depth understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms induced by venom toxins could help in the discovery of novel drug molecules. In the current study, we aimed to delineate the venom toxins of Indian cobra (Naja naja) from the Western Ghats of India through SDS-PAGE and reversed-phase HPLC followed by Q-TOF LC-MS/MS analysis, incorporating PEAKS and Novor assisted de novo sequencing methodologies. A total of 143 proteins distributed across 17 different enzymatic and non-enzymatic venom protein families were identified. The de novo analysis exclusively yielded 59 peptides representing 28 venom protein families. Among these, glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease were reported for the first time in Indian cobra venom. Immunological cross-reactivity of cobra venom assessed using Indian polyvalent antivenoms suggested that VINS showed better EC50 (2.48 µg/mL) values than that of PSAV (6.04 µg/mL) and Virchow (6.03 µg/mL) antivenoms. Also, immunoaffinity chromatography performed using VINS antivenom indicated that it failed to detect few low molecular mass proteins (<10 kDa) that include three-finger toxins, phospholipase A2s and kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors. Taken together, the present study enabled a large-scale characterization of the venom proteome of Naja naja that offers valuable insights on the possible pharmacological mechanisms and future therapeutic potential of hitherto unexplored snake venom constituents.SignificanceThe present work describes the venom proteome characterization of Naja naja collected from the Western Ghats region in India, incorporating conventional proteomics approaches as well as de novo sequencing methods. Interestingly, we were able to determine proteins belong to glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease family, which was not reported in any of the previous studies on Naja naja venom. Notably, our study has reported the highest number of proteins from cobra venom so far. Also, the current study highlights the importance of developing region-specific antivenoms for improving the specificity and cross-neutralization potential of antivenoms.HighlightsProteomics of cobra venom resulted in the identification of 143 proteins.De novo approaches exclusively yielded 59 peptides representing 28 proteins.Glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease were identified for the first time in Indian cobra venom.Indian polyvalent antivenoms showed varying cross-reactivity towards cobra venom.VINS antivenom failed to detect few low molecular mass proteins (< 10 kDa).

scholarly journals The B1.351 and P.1 variants extend SARS-CoV-2 host range to mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Montagutelli ◽  
Matthieu Prot ◽  
Laurine Levillayer ◽  
Eduard Baquero Salazar ◽  
Gregory Jouvion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Receptor Recognition ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Viral Host Range ◽  
Common Laboratory

Receptor recognition is a major determinant of viral host range, as well as infectivity and pathogenesis. Emergences have been associated with serendipitous events of adaptation upon encounters with a novel host, and the high mutation rate of RNA viruses has been proposed to explain their frequent host shifts. SARS-CoV-2 extensive circulation in humans has been associated with the emergence of variants, including variants of concern (VOCs) with diverse mutations in the spike and increased transmissibility or immune escape. Here we show that unlike the initial virus, VOCs are able to infect common laboratory mice, replicating to high titers in the lungs. This host range expansion is explained in part by the acquisition of changes at key positions of the receptor binding domain that enable binding to the mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cellular receptor, although differences between viral lineages suggest that other factors are involved in the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs to infect mice. This abrogation of the species barrier raises the possibility of wild rodent secondary reservoirs and provides new experimental models to study disease pathophysiology and countermeasures.

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