scholarly journals Pneumococci causing invasive disease in children prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Scotland

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart C. Clarke ◽  
Johanna M. C. Jefferies ◽  
Andrew J. Smith ◽  
Jim McMenamin ◽  
Timothy J. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Common Serotypes ◽  
Sequence Types

This study aimed to determine the serotypes and sequence types (STs) of pneumococci causing paediatric invasive disease in Scotland prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). All invasive pneumococci isolated between 2000 and 2004 from children aged less than 5 years in Scotland were used. The isolates were characterized by serotyping and multi-locus sequence typing. Two hundred and seventeen pneumococci were characterized into 22 different serogroups/types, the most common, in rank order, being 14, 19F, 6B, 18C, 23F, 9V, 4, 1, 19A and 6A. They were further genotyped into 77 different STs, the three most common being 9, 162 and 176. Common serotypes possessed multiple STs, but pneumococci of a particular clone were mostly associated with a particular serotype. The seven most common serotypes are included in the 7-valent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Serotype coverage for PCV7 was 76.5 % in those aged less than 5 years but increased to 88.9 % for those aged 1 year. The introduction of PCV7 into the childhood immunization schedule would reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease in children, although continued surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease will be required before, during and after the introduction of PCVs.

scholarly journals Insight Into Resistance Phenotypes of Emergent Non 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Type Pneumococci Isolated From Invasive Disease After 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Implementation in France

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Janoir ◽  
Agnès Lepoutre ◽  
Laurent Gutmann ◽  
Emmanuelle Varon
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Clonal Expansion ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background.  In 2010, the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13), containing 6 additional serotypes including the multidrug-resistant 19A, replaced the PCV7 in France. This study aimed at analyzing trends in antibiotic resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) isolates in France after PCV13 introduction. Methods.  A total of 5243 pneumococci isolated from IPD in 2008–2009 (late PCV7 era) and 2011–2012 (PCV13 era) were studied according to their serotype and antibiotic resistance profile. Multilocus sequence typing analysis was performed on strains of the predominant serotypes (12F and 24F) isolated from young children. Results.  Overall, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance decreased in France (−21.5% for penicillin from 2008–2009 to 2011–2012), mainly driven by the decline of the 19A serotype. Among non-PCV13 serotypes that concomitantly emerged, serotypes 12F, 24F, 15A, and 35B were consistently associated with resistance to 1 or more antibiotics. In children under 2 years, serotypes 15A, 35B, and 24F accounted together for 37.8% and 31.9% of penicillin-nonsusceptible and erythromycin-resistant isolates, respectively. Chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole resistance were mainly associated with serotypes 12F and 24F, respectively. Genetic analysis showed that although emergence of serotype 12F pneumococci resulted from the expansion of various pre-existing lineages, increase in serotype 24F was related to the clonal expansion of the ST162 penicillin-susceptible cotrimoxazole-resistant lineage. Conclusions.  We showed that decline of PCV13-related IPD was associated with a decline in antibiotic resistance in France, but that it likely favored the spread of several resistant nonvaccine serotypes. However, antibiotic resistance does not seem to be the only element that may drive this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Evolution of pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in Botswana following introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262225
Author(s):  
Sweta M. Patel ◽  
Yazdani B. Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb ◽  
Morgan Congdon ◽  
Rebecca R. Young ◽  
Mohamed Z. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Molecular Serotyping ◽  
Sustained Effect ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines reduce the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease, but the sustained effect of these vaccines can be diminished by an increase in disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes. To describe pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in Botswana following introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) in July 2012, we performed molecular serotyping of 268 pneumococcal strains isolated from 221 children between 2012 and 2017. The median (interquartile range) age of the children included in this analysis was 6 (3,12) months. Fifty-nine percent of the children had received at least one dose of PCV-13 and 35% were fully vaccinated with PCV-13. While colonization by vaccine serotypes steadily declined following PCV-13 introduction, 25% of strains isolated more than 3 years after vaccine introduction were PCV-13 serotypes. We also observed an increase in colonization by non-vaccine serotypes 21 and 23B, which have been associated with invasive pneumococcal disease and antibiotic resistance in other settings.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Pneumococcal Clones Associated with Antimicrobial Nonsusceptibility Isolated from Children in the Era of Conjugate Vaccines

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 5761-5767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha McElligott ◽  
Imelda Vickers ◽  
Mary Meehan ◽  
Mary Cafferkey ◽  
Robert Cunney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Single Locus Variant

ABSTRACTCarriage and noninvasive pneumococcal isolates frequently have a higher prevalence of antimicrobial nonsusceptibility than invasive isolates. From 2009 to 2014, we determined the associated clones in 169 pediatric noninvasive nonsusceptible pneumococci from a total of 506 isolates collected after 7- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine introduction (PCV7/13) to the Irish childhood immunization schedule in 2008 and 2010, respectively. We compared our results to those from 25 noninvasive pediatric pneumococcal isolates collected in 2007, the year before introduction of conjugate vaccines. In 2007, England14-9 and Spain9V-3 accounted for 12% and 32% of nonsusceptible clones, respectively, but in 2009 to 2014, their prevalence fell to 0% and 2.4%. Furthermore, there was a significant decline in Spain6B-2 and its variants from 2009 to 2014 (P= 0.0024). Fluctuations occurred in clonal complex 320 associated with serotype 19A. The prevalence of Sweden15A-25 and its variants and ST558 (a single-locus variant of Utah35B-24) associated with nonvaccine serotypes (NVT) 15A and 35B increased from 0% and 8% in 2007 to 19% and 16% in 2013 to 2014, respectively. Pilus locus 1 (PI-1) is associated with the spread of some nonsusceptible pneumococcal clones. PI-1 was more frequently associated with PCV7/13 serotypes than NVT (P= 0.0020). Our data highlight the value of surveillance of noninvasive pneumococci following conjugate vaccine introduction. Importantly, emerging clones associated with NVT may limit the effectiveness of PCV7/13 in reducing the high rate of nonsusceptibility among pediatric noninvasive pneumococci, with implications for empirical treatment strategies.

Increased incidence of serotype-1 invasive pneumococcal disease in young female adults in The Netherlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1996-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. VAN MENS ◽  
A. M. M. VAN DEURSEN ◽  
S. C. A. MEIJVIS ◽  
B. J. M. VLAMINCKX ◽  
E. A. M. SANDERS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Serotype 1

SUMMARYAnalysis of the Dutch national invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) surveillance data by sex reveals an increase in the incidence of serotype-1 disease in young female adults in The Netherlands after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the national immunization schedule. This has led to an overall increase in IPD in women aged 20–45 years, which was not observed in men of the same age. No other differences in serotype shifts possibly induced by the introduction of PCV7 were observed between the sexes in this age group. Serotype 1 is a naturally fluctuating serotype in Europe and it has been associated with disease in young healthy adults before. It remains uncertain whether or not there is an association between the observed increase in serotype-1 disease in young female adults and the implementation of PCV7 in The Netherlands.

scholarly journals Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease among adults living with HIV following introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2008–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S57-S58
Author(s):  
Miwako Kobayashi ◽  
William Adih ◽  
Jianmin Li ◽  
Ryan Gierke ◽  
Olivia M Almendares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Census Data ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in children in 2010 reduced adult IPD burden (indirect effects). In 2012, PCV13 was recommended in series with 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for adults with immunocompromising conditions, including PLHIV. We evaluated changes in IPD incidence in adults ≥19 years old with and without HIV after PCV13 introduction for children in 2010 and for immunocompromised adults in 2012. PCV13 coverage for adults 19–64 years old with indications was 6% in 2014. Methods IPD cases, defined as pneumococcal isolation from sterile sites, were identified through CDC’s Active Bacterial Core surveillance, with counts projected nationally. HIV status was obtained from medical records. Isolates were serotyped by Quellung reaction or PCR and grouped into PCV13-types, PPV11-types (unique to PPSV23), or non-vaccine types. We estimated IPD incidence (cases per 100,000 people) using national case-based HIV surveillance (for PLHIV) or US Census data (for non-PLHIV) as denominators. We compared IPD incidence in 2011–12 and 2013–14 to the pre-PCV13 baseline (2008–09) by serotype groups. Results Overall IPD incidence at baseline was 354.0 for PLHIV and 15.5 for non-PLHIV. From baseline to 2013–14, IPD rates declined in both PLHIV (-36.3%; 95% CI: -38.8, -33.7%) and non-PLHIV (-27.3%; 95% CI: -28.2, -26.5%). The largest reductions were noted in PCV13-type IPD in both PLHIV (Figure 1) and non-PLHIV (Figure 2) for both periods (-46.8% for PLHIV and -45.9% for non-PLHIV in 2011–12; -60.3% for PLHIV and -65.8% for non-PLHIV in 2013–14). Overall IPD rates were 22.8 (95% CI: 22.2, 23.4) times as high in PLHIV compared with non-PLHIV at baseline, and 19.4 (95% CI: 18.8, 20.0) times as high in 2013–2014. Conclusion IPD rates declined significantly in both PLHIV and non-PLHIV during the study period due to reductions in PCV13-type IPD; however, IPD rates remained 20-fold in PLHIV compared with non-PLHIV. Similar magnitude reductions in PCV13-type IPD in both groups and low PCV13 coverage in immunocompromised adults suggest that most of the observed decline is due to PCV13 indirect effects from childhood immunization. Disclosures L. Harrison, GSK: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee; W. Schaffner, Pfizer: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee; Merck: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee; Novavax: Consultant, Consulting fee; Dynavax: Consultant, Consulting fee; Sanofi-pasteur: Consultant, Consulting fee; GSK: Consultant, Consulting fee; Seqirus: Consultant, Consulting fee

scholarly journals Safety and Immunogenicity of a 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Compared to Those of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Given as a Three-Dose Series with Routine Vaccines in Healthy Infants and Toddlers

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Esposito ◽  
Susan Tansey ◽  
Allison Thompson ◽  
Ahmad Razmpour ◽  
John Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Common Serotypes ◽  
Pediatric Vaccination ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT A 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been developed to improve protection against pneumococcal disease beyond that possible with the licensed 7-valent vaccine (PCV7). This study compared the safety and immunogenicity of PCV13 with those of PCV7 when given as part of the pediatric vaccination schedule recommended in Italy. A total of 606 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either PCV13 or PCV7 at 3, 5, and 11 months of age; all subjects concomitantly received diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B (DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib) vaccine. Vaccine reactions were monitored. Antibody responses to DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib antigens, serotype-specific anticapsular polysaccharide IgG responses, and antipneumococcal opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) activity were measured 1 month after the two-dose primary series and 1 month after the toddler dose. Overall, the safety profile of PCV13 was similar to that of PCV7. The response to DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib antigens was substantially the same with both PCV13 and PCV7. PCV13 elicited antipneumococcal capsular IgG antibodies to all 13 vaccine serotypes, with notable increases in concentrations seen after the toddler dose. Despite a lower immunogenicity for serotypes 6B and 23F after the primary series of PCV13, responses to the seven common serotypes were comparable between the PCV13 and PCV7 groups when measured after the toddler dose. PCV13 also elicited substantial levels of OPA activity against all 13 serotypes following both the infant series and the toddler dose. In conclusion, PCV13 appeared comparable to PCV7 in safety profile and immunogenicity for common serotypes, demonstrated functional OPA responses for all 13 serotypes, and did not interfere with immune responses to concomitantly administered DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of Invasive Serotype 1 Pneumococcus in South Africa, 1989 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1326-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mignon du Plessis ◽  
Mushal Allam ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Nicole Wolter ◽  
Linda de Gouveia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Single Locus Variant ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Sequence Types

Serotype 1 is an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa and has declined following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2011. We genetically characterized 912 invasive serotype 1 isolates from 1989 to 2013. Simpson's diversity index (D) and recombination ratios were calculated. Factors associated with sequence types (STs) were assessed. Clonal complex 217 represented 96% (872/912) of the sampled isolates. Following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), ST diversity increased in children <5 years (D, 0.39 to 0.63,P= 0.002) and individuals >14 years (D, 0.35 to 0.54,P< 0.001): ST-217 declined proportionately in children <5 years (153/203 [75%] versus 21/37 [57%],P= 0.027) and individuals >14 years (242/305 [79%] versus 96/148 [65%],P= 0.001), whereas ST-9067 increased (4/684 [0.6%] versus 24/228 [11%],P< 0.001). Three subclades were identified within ST-217: ST-217C1(353/382 [92%]), ST-217C2(15/382 [4%]), and ST-217C3(14/382 [4%]). ST-217C2, ST-217C3, and single-locus variant (SLV) ST-8314 (20/912 [2%]) were associated with nonsusceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole. ST-8314 (20/912 [2%]) was also associated with increased nonsusceptibility to penicillin (P< 0.001). ST-217C3and newly reported ST-9067 had higher recombination ratios than those of ST-217C1(4.344 versus 0.091,P< 0.001; and 0.086 versus 0.013,P< 0.001, respectively). Increases in genetic diversity were noted post-PCV13, and lineages associated with antimicrobial nonsusceptibility were identified.

scholarly journals Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Colonization and Invasive Disease in Cambodian Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1580-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Turner ◽  
Phana Leab ◽  
Sokeng Ly ◽  
Sena Sao ◽  
Thyl Miliya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Pneumococcal Colonization ◽  
Dominant Serotype ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Abstract Background Cambodia introduced the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in January 2015 using a 3 + 0 dosing schedule and no catch-up campaign. We investigated the effects of this introduction on pneumococcal colonization and invasive disease in children aged &lt;5 years. Methods There were 6 colonization surveys done between January 2014 and January 2018 in children attending the outpatient department of a nongovernmental pediatric hospital in Siem Reap. Nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed by phenotypic and genotypic methods to detect pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) data for January 2012–December 2018 were retrieved from hospital databases. Pre-PCV IPD data and pre-/post-PCV colonization data were modelled to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE). Results Comparing 2014 with 2016–2018, and using adjusted prevalence ratios, VE estimates for colonization were 16.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.6–21.8) for all pneumococci and 39.2% (95% CI 26.7–46.1) for vaccine serotype (VT) pneumococci. There was a 26.0% (95% CI 17.7–33.0) decrease in multidrug-resistant pneumococcal colonization. The IPD incidence was estimated to have declined by 26.4% (95% CI 14.4–35.8) by 2018, with a decrease of 36.3% (95% CI 23.8–46.9) for VT IPD and an increase of 101.4% (95% CI 62.0–145.4) for non-VT IPD. Conclusions Following PCV13 introduction into the Cambodian immunization schedule, there have been declines in VT pneumococcal colonization and disease in children aged &lt;5 years. Modelling of dominant serotype colonization data produced plausible VE estimates.

scholarly journals Continued control of pneumococcal disease in the UK – the impact of vaccination

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gladstone ◽  
J. M. Jefferies ◽  
S. N. Faust ◽  
S. C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were first introduced for routine use in the USA in 2000, although the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was not introduced into the UK's routine childhood immunization programme until September 2006. After its introduction, a marked decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal disease was observed, both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated UK populations. However, pneumococci are highly diverse and serotype prevalence is dynamic. Conversely, PCV7 targets only a limited number of capsular types, which appears to confer a limited lifespan to the observed beneficial effects. Shifts in serotype distribution have been detected for both non-invasive and invasive disease reported since PCV7 introduction, both in the UK and elsewhere. The pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV, Synflorix; GlaxoSmithKline) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar 13; Pfizer) have been newly licensed. The potential coverage of the 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccines has also altered alongside serotype shifts. Nonetheless, the mechanism of how PCV7 has influenced serotype shift is not clear-cut as the epidemiology of serotype prevalence is complex. Other factors also influence prevalence and incidence of pneumococcal carriage and disease, such as pneumococcal diversity, levels of antibiotic use and the presence of risk groups. Continued surveillance and identification of factors influencing serotype distribution are essential to allow rational vaccine design, implementation and continued effective control of pneumococcal disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document