scholarly journals Influence of SOS-inducing agents on the expression of ArtAB toxin gene in Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori

Microbiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-793
Author(s):  
Shou Miura ◽  
Yukino Tamamura ◽  
Mariko Takayasu ◽  
Miwa Sasaki ◽  
Natsuko Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Sos Response ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Prophage Induction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Quinolone Antibiotics

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) definitive phage type 104 (DT104), S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Worthington (S. Worthington) and S. bongori produce ArtA and ArtB (ArtAB) toxin homologues, which catalyse ADP-ribosylation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. ArtAB gene (artAB) is encoded on prophage in DT104 and its expression is induced by mitomycin C (MTC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that trigger the bacterial SOS response. Although the genetic regulatory mechanism associated with artAB expression is not characterized, it is thought to be associated with prophage induction, which occurs when the RecA-mediated SOS response is triggered. Here we show that subinhibitory concentration of quinolone antibiotics that are SOS-inducing agents, also induce ArtAB production in these Salmonella strains. Both MTC and fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as enrofloxacin-induced artA and recA transcription and artAB-encoding prophage (ArtAB-prophage) in DT104 and S. Worthington. However, in S. bongori , which harbours artAB genes on incomplete prophage, artA transcription was induced by MTC and enrofloxacin, but prophage induction was not observed. Taken together, these results suggest that SOS response followed by induction of artAB transcription is essential for ArtAB production. H2O2-mediated induction of ArtAB prophage and efficient production of ArtAB was observed in DT104 but not in S. Worthington and S. bongori . Therefore, induction of artAB expression with H2O2 is strain-specific, and the mode of action of H2O2 as an SOS-inducing agent might be different from those of MTC and quinolone antibiotics.

scholarly journals Global phylogenomics of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Hawkey ◽  
Simon Le Hello ◽  
Benoît Doublet ◽  
Sophie A. Granier ◽  
Rene S. Hendriksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky can be a common causative agent of salmonellosis, usually associated with consumption of contaminated poultry. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to multiple drugs, including ciprofloxacin, is an emerging problem within this serotype. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the phylogenetic structure and AMR content of 121 S. e nterica serotype Kentucky sequence type 198 isolates from five continents. Population structure was inferred using phylogenomic analysis and whole genomes were compared to investigate changes in gene content, with a focus on acquired AMR genes. Our analysis showed that multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica serotype Kentucky isolates belonged to a single lineage, which we estimate emerged circa 1989 following the acquisition of the AMR-associated Salmonella genomic island (SGI) 1 (variant SGI1-K) conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Phylogeographical analysis indicates this clone emerged in Egypt before disseminating into Northern, Southern and Western Africa, then to the Middle East, Asia and the European Union. The MDR clone has since accumulated various substitution mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase (gyrA) and DNA topoisomerase IV (parC), such that most strains carry three QRDR mutations which together confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. The majority of AMR genes in the S. e nterica serotype Kentucky genomes were carried either on plasmids or SGI structures. Remarkably, each genome of the MDR clone carried a different SGI1-K derivative structure; this variation could be attributed to IS26-mediated insertions and deletions, which appear to have hampered previous attempts to trace the clone’s evolution using sub-WGS resolution approaches. Several different AMR plasmids were also identified, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and/or azithromycin. These results indicate that most MDR S. e nterica serotype Kentucky circulating globally result from the clonal expansion of a single lineage that acquired chromosomal AMR genes 30 years ago, and has continued to diversify and accumulate additional resistances to last-line oral antimicrobials. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

scholarly journals AB_SA: Accessory genes-Based Source Attribution – tracing the source of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium environmental strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Guillier ◽  
Michèle Gourmelon ◽  
Solen Lozach ◽  
Sabrina Cadel-Six ◽  
Marie-Léone Vignaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Accessory Genes

The partitioning of pathogenic strains isolated in environmental or human cases to their sources is challenging. The pathogens usually colonize multiple animal hosts, including livestock, which contaminate the food-production chain and the environment (e.g. soil and water), posing an additional public-health burden and major challenges in the identification of the source. Genomic data opens up new opportunities for the development of statistical models aiming to indicate the likely source of pathogen contamination. Here, we propose a computationally fast and efficient multinomial logistic regression source-attribution classifier to predict the animal source of bacterial isolates based on ‘source-enriched’ loci extracted from the accessory-genome profiles of a pangenomic dataset. Depending on the accuracy of the model’s self-attribution step, the modeller selects the number of candidate accessory genes that best fit the model for calculating the likelihood of (source) category membership. The Accessory genes-Based Source Attribution (AB_SA) method was applied to a dataset of strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and its monophasic variant ( S . enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:-). The model was trained on 69 strains with known animal-source categories (i.e. poultry, ruminant and pig). The AB_SA method helped to identify 8 genes as predictors among the 2802 accessory genes. The self-attribution accuracy was 80 %. The AB_SA model was then able to classify 25 of the 29 S . enterica Typhimurium and S . enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates collected from the environment (considered to be of unknown source) into a specific category (i.e. animal source), with more than 85 % of probability. The AB_SA method herein described provides a user-friendly and valuable tool for performing source-attribution studies in only a few steps. AB_SA is written in R and freely available at https://github.com/lguillier/AB_SA.

scholarly journals Characterization of a pESI-like plasmid and analysis of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Infantis isolates in England and Wales

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie W. Y. Lee ◽  
Jennifer Mattock ◽  
David R. Greig ◽  
Gemma C. Langridge ◽  
David Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Single Clade ◽  
Multiple Resistance Genes

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is the fifth most common Salmonella serovar isolated in England and Wales. Epidemiological, genotyping and antimicrobial-resistance data for S . enterica Infantis isolates were used to analyse English and Welsh demographics over a 5 year period. Travel cases associated with S . enterica Infantis were mainly from Asia, followed by cases from Europe and North America. Since 2000, increasing numbers of S . enterica Infantis had multidrug resistance determinants harboured on a large plasmid termed ‘plasmid of emerging S . enterica Infantis’ (pESI). Between 2013 and 2018, 42 S . enterica Infantis isolates were isolated from humans and food that harboured resistance determinants to multiple antimicrobial classes present on a pESI-like plasmid, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs; bla CTX-M-65). Nanopore sequencing of an ESBL-producing human S . enterica Infantis isolate indicated the presence of two regions on an IncFIB pESI-like plasmid harbouring multiple resistance genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the English and Welsh S . enterica Infantis population indicated that the majority of multidrug-resistant isolates harbouring the pESI-like plasmid belonged to a single clade maintained within the population. The bla CTX-M-65 ESBL isolates first isolated in 2013 comprise a lineage within this clade, which was mainly associated with South America. Our data, therefore, show the emergence of a stable resistant clone that has been in circulation for some time in the human population in England and Wales, highlighting the necessity of monitoring resistance in this serovar.

scholarly journals Comparative genomics of Clostridioides difficile toxinotypes identifies module-based toxin gene evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Janezic ◽  
Kate Dingle ◽  
Joseph Alvin ◽  
Tomaž Accetto ◽  
Xavier Didelot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Gene Evolution ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile

Clostridioides difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. Toxins TcdA and TcdB are considered to be the main virulence factors and are encoded by the PaLoc region, while the binary toxin encoded in the CdtLoc region also contributes to pathogenicity. Variant toxinotypes reflect the genetic diversity of a key toxin-encoding 19 kb genetic element (the PaLoc). Here, we present analysis of a comprehensive collection of all known major C. difficile toxinotypes to address the evolutionary relationships of the toxin gene variants, the mechanisms underlying the origin and development of variability in toxin genes and the PaLoc, and the relationship between structure and function in TcdB variants. The structure of both toxin genes is modular, composed of interspersed blocks of sequences corresponding to functional domains and having different evolutionary histories, as shown by the distribution of mutations along the toxin genes and by incongruences of domain phylogenies compared to overall C. difficile cluster organization. In TcdB protein, four mutation patterns could be differentiated, which correlated very well with the type of TcdB cytopathic effect (CPE) on cultured cells. Mapping these mutations to the three-dimensional structure of the TcdB showed that the majority of the variation occurs in surface residues and that point mutation at residue 449 in alpha helix 16 differentiated strains with different types of CPE. In contrast to the PaLoc, phylogenetic trees of the CdtLoc were more consistent with the core genome phylogenies, but there were clues that CdtLoc can also be exchanged between strains.

scholarly journals Duplication and diversification of a unique chromosomal virulence island hosting the subtilase cytotoxin in Escherichia coli ST58

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan R. Wyrsch ◽  
Piklu Roy Chowdhury ◽  
Veronica M. Jarocki ◽  
Kate J. Brandis ◽  
Steven P. Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
North American ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Pathogenicity Island ◽  
Duplication Event ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Link Type

The AB5 cytotoxins are important virulence factors in Escherichia coli . The most notable members of the AB5 toxin families include Shiga toxin families 1 (Stx1) and 2 (Stx2), which are associated with enterohaemorrhagic E. coli infections causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis. The subAB toxins are the newest and least well understood members of the AB5 toxin gene family. The subtilase toxin genes are divided into a plasmid-based variant, subAB1, originally described in enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O113:H21, and distinct chromosomal variants, subAB2, that reside in pathogenicity islands encoding additional virulence effectors. Previously we identified a chromosomal subAB2 operon within an E. coli ST58 strain IBS28 (ONT:H25) taken from a wild ibis nest at an inland wetland in New South Wales, Australia. Here we show the subAB2 toxin operon comprised part of a 140 kb tRNA–Phe chromosomal island that co-hosted tia, encoding an outer-membrane protein that confers an adherence and invasion phenotype and additional virulence and accessory genetic content that potentially originated from known virulence island SE-PAI. This island shared a common evolutionary history with a secondary 90 kb tRNA–Phe pathogenicity island that was presumably generated via a duplication event. IBS28 is closely related [200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] to four North American ST58 strains. The close relationship between North American isolates of ST58 and IBS28 was further supported by the identification of the only copy of a unique variant of IS26 within the O-antigen gene cluster. Strain ISB28 may be a historically important E. coli ST58 genome sequence hosting a progenitor pathogenicity island encoding subAB.

scholarly journals High levels of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile contamination of hospital environments: a hidden threat in hospital-acquired infections in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Odoyo ◽  
Cecilia Kyanya ◽  
Winnie Mutai ◽  
Lillian Musila
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Enrichment Broth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Hospital Environments ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Binary Toxins

Introduction. The contribution of Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile ) to the burden of hospital-associated infections (HAIs) remains undetermined in many African countries. Aim. This study aimed to identify a sensitive and readily adaptable C. difficile detection assay and to evaluate the C. difficile HAI risk in Kenya. Methodology. Sterile swabs in neutralizing buffer were used to sample equipment or surfaces that patients and clinical staff touched frequently. These swabs were either plated directly on chromogenic agar or cultured in an enrichment broth before plating. The swab suspensions, enrichment broth and plate cultures were screened by quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the most efficient detection method. The HAI risk was evaluated by testing the C. difficile -positive samples by qPCR for the A, B and binary toxins. Results. C. difficile was detected on 4/57 (7.0 %) equipment and surfaces by direct culture. The additional enrichment step increased the detection rate 10-fold to 43/57 (75.4 %). In total, 51/57 (89.5 %) environmental samples were positive for C. difficile detected through either culture or qPCR. The genes encoding the primary toxins, tcdA and tcdB, were detected on six surfaces, while the genes encoding the binary toxins, cdtA and cdtB, were detected on 2/57 (3.5 %) and 3/57 (5.3 %) surfaces, respectively. Different C. difficile toxin gene profiles were detected: the tcdA+/tcdB− gene profile on 4/10 (40 %) high-touch surfaces, tcdA−/tcdB+ on 3/10 (30 %) surfaces, tcdA+/tcdB+/cdtA+/cdtB+ on 2/10 (20 %) surfaces and tcdA−/tcdB+/cdtB+ on one high-touch surface. Conclusion. The widespread contamination of hospital environments by toxigenic C. difficile gives a strong indication of the high risk of C. difficile infections (CDIs). The two-step culture process described can easily be adapted for monitoring hospital environment contamination by C. difficile .

scholarly journals A case of primary bacteraemia caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Corvallis in an immunocompetent adult after travel to Southeast Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sho Nakakubo ◽  
Kentaro Nagaoka ◽  
Masaru Suzuki ◽  
Satoshi Konno ◽  
Yasushi Shibue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Social History ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Uneventful Recovery ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Immunocompetent Adult ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Introduction. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) that typically causes diarrhoeal disease in humans has a dramatically more severe and more invasive presentation than typhoid fever in immunocompromised adults. However, the incidence and significance of NTS primary bacteraemia in immunocompetent adults have been unclear. Case presentation. A 24-year-old man presented to our hospital with a high fever 14 days after travelling to Vietnam and Cambodia for 14 days. His past medical history, family history and social history were unremarkable, except for his dietary intake history during his stay in Southeast Asia. He did not have any abdominal pain, diarrhoea, enterocolitis, arthritis, or abscesses, as determined by multiple examinations, which included computed tomography. The initial blood cultures identified the presence of Gram-negative bacilli, which were finally identified as the Salmonella enterica subspecies serovar Corvallis. Thus, S. enterica serovar Corvallis was the most likely primary bacteria in this patient. Since domestic outbreaks of NTS infections are extremely rare, our case patient was diagnosed with travel-related bacteraemia. The patient had an uneventful recovery after antibiotic administration. Conclusion. We report a rare case of bacteraemia caused by S. enterica serovar Corvallis in an immunocompetent adult after travelling through Vietnam and Cambodia. From the experience of our case, we suggest that more caution is necessary when diagnosing the unique clinical features of travel-related NTS infections.

scholarly journals Comparative genomics of Chinese and international isolates of Escherichia albertii: population structure and evolution of virulence and antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Luo ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Michael J. Payne ◽  
Chelsea Liang ◽  
Li Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Type Three Secretion System ◽  
Evolution Of Virulence

Escherichia albertii is a recently recognized species in the genus Escherichia that causes diarrhoea. The population structure, genetic diversity and genomic features have not been fully examined. Here, 169 E. albertii isolates from different sources and regions in China were sequenced and combined with 312 publicly available genomes (from additional 14 countries) for genomic analyses. The E. albertii population was divided into two clades and eight lineages, with lineage 3 (L3), L5 and L8 more common in China. Clinical isolates were observed in all clades/lineages. Virulence genes were found to be distributed differently among lineages: subtypes of the intimin encoding gene eae and the cytolethal distending toxin gene cdtB were lineage associated, and the second type three secretion system (ETT2) island was truncated in L3 and L6. Seven new eae subtypes and one new cdtB subtype (cdtB-VI) were identified. Alarmingly, 85.9 % of the Chinese E. albertii isolates were predicted to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) with 35.9 % harbouring genes capable of conferring resistance to 10 to 14 different drug classes. The majority of the MDR isolates were of poultry source from China and belonged to four sequence types (STs) [ST4638, ST4479, ST4633 and ST4488]. Thirty-four plasmids with some carrying MDR and virulence genes, and 130 prophages were identified from 17 complete E. albertii genomes. The 130 intact prophages were clustered into five groups, with group five prophages harbouring more virulence genes. We further identified three E. albertii specific genes as markers for the identification of this species. Our findings provided fundamental insights into the population structure, virulence variation and drug resistance of E. albertii .

scholarly journals Whole-genome epidemiology links phage-mediated acquisition of a virulence gene to the clonal expansion of a pandemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium clone

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Tassinari ◽  
Matt Bawn ◽  
Gaetan Thilliez ◽  
Oliver Charity ◽  
Luke Acton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Clonal Expansion ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The Common

Epidemic and pandemic clones of bacterial pathogens with distinct characteristics continually emerge, replacing those previously dominant through mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. Here, whole-genome-sequencing-powered epidemiology linked horizontal transfer of a virulence gene, sopE, to the emergence and clonal expansion of a new epidemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) clone. The sopE gene is sporadically distributed within the genus Salmonella and rare in S . enterica Typhimurium lineages, but was acquired multiple times during clonal expansion of the currently dominant pandemic monophasic S. Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 34 clone. Ancestral state reconstruction and time-scaled phylogenetic analysis indicated that sopE was not present in the common ancestor of the epidemic clade, but later acquisition resulted in increased clonal expansion of sopE-containing clones that was temporally associated with emergence of the epidemic, consistent with increased fitness. The sopE gene was mainly associated with a temperate bacteriophage mTmV, but recombination with other bacteriophage and apparent horizontal gene transfer of the sopE gene cassette resulted in distribution among at least four mobile genetic elements within the monophasic S . enterica Typhimurium ST34 epidemic clade. The mTmV prophage lysogenic transfer to other S. enterica serovars in vitro was limited, but included the common pig-associated S . enterica Derby (S. Derby). This may explain mTmV in S. Derby co-circulating on farms with monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34, highlighting the potential for further transfer of the sopE virulence gene in nature. We conclude that whole-genome epidemiology pinpoints potential drivers of evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics during pathogen emergence, and identifies targets for subsequent research in epidemiology and bacterial pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Faecalicoccus acidiformans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the chicken caecum, and reclassification of Streptococcus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1977), Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) and Eubacterium cylindroides (Cato et al. 1974) as Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov., Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively, within the family Erysipelotrichaceae

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_11) ◽  
pp. 3877-3884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine De Maesschalck ◽  
Filip Van Immerseel ◽  
Venessa Eeckhaut ◽  
Siegrid De Baere ◽  
Margo Cnockaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427 were isolated from the caecal content of a chicken and produced butyric, lactic and formic acids as major metabolic end products. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427 were 40.4 and 38.8 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, both strains were most closely related to the generically misclassified Streptococcus pleomorphus ATCC 29734T. Strain LMG 27428T could be distinguished from S. pleomorphus ATCC 29734T based on production of more lactic acid and less formic acid in M2GSC medium, a higher DNA G+C content and the absence of activities of acid phosphatase and leucine, arginine, leucyl glycine, pyroglutamic acid, glycine and histidine arylamidases, while strain LMG 27428 was biochemically indistinguishable from S. pleomorphus ATCC 29734T. The novel genus Faecalicoccus gen. nov. within the family Erysipelotrichaceae is proposed to accommodate strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427. Strain LMG 27428T ( = DSM 26963T) is the type strain of Faecalicoccus acidiformans sp. nov., and strain LMG 27427 ( = DSM 26962) is a strain of Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov. (type strain LMG 17756T = ATCC 29734T = DSM 20574T). Furthermore, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the genus Faecalicoccus are the generically misclassified Eubacterium cylindroides DSM 3983T (94.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain LMG 27428T) and Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989T (92.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain LMG 27428T). We present genotypic and phenotypic data that allow the differentiation of each of these taxa and propose to reclassify these generically misnamed species of the genus Eubacterium formally as Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. nov., comb. nov. and Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively. The type strain of Faecalitalea cylindroides is DSM 3983T = ATCC 27803T = JCM 10261T and that of Holdemanella biformis is DSM 3989T = ATCC 27806T = CCUG 28091T.

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