scholarly journals Contributions of hippocampus and striatum to memory-guided behavior depend on past experience

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina D Ferbinteanu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Concurrent Training ◽  
Response Learning ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Neurotoxic Lesions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Individual Training

The hippocampal and striatal memory systems operate independently and in parallel in supporting spatial and response learning, respectively, when animals are explicitly trained in one task. Here, we investigated whether this principle continues to hold when animals are concurrently trained in two types of tasks. Rats were trained on a plus maze in either a spatial navigation or a cue response task (individual training), while a third set of rats acquired both (concurrent training). Subsequently, the rats underwent either sham surgery or neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus (HPC), medial dorsal striatum (DSM) or lateral dorsal striatum (DSL), followed by retention testing. Finally, rats in the individual training condition also acquired the novel 'other' task. When rats learned one task, HPC and DSL selectively supported spatial navigation cue response, respectively. However, when rats learned both tasks, HPC and DSL additionally supported the behavior incongruent with the processing style of the corresponding memory system. DSM significantly contributed to performance regardless of task or training procedure. Experience with the cue response task facilitated subsequent spatial learning, while experience with spatial navigation delayed both simultaneous and subsequent response learning. These findings suggest that multiple principles govern the interactions among memory systems.

scholarly journals Striatal and hippocampal contributions to flexible navigation in rats and humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239821282097977
Author(s):  
Christoffer J. Gahnstrom ◽  
Hugo J. Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Transition Structure ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Reinforcement Learning Models ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

The hippocampus has been firmly established as playing a crucial role in flexible navigation. Recent evidence suggests that dorsal striatum may also play an important role in such goal-directed behaviour in both rodents and humans. Across recent studies, activity in the caudate nucleus has been linked to forward planning and adaptation to changes in the environment. In particular, several human neuroimaging studies have found the caudate nucleus tracks information traditionally associated with that by the hippocampus. In this brief review, we examine this evidence and argue the dorsal striatum encodes the transition structure of the environment during flexible, goal-directed behaviour. We highlight that future research should explore the following: (1) Investigate neural responses during spatial navigation via a biophysically plausible framework explained by reinforcement learning models and (2) Observe the interaction between cortical areas and both the dorsal striatum and hippocampus during flexible navigation.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of an Exercise Programme that Provided Group or Individual Training to Reduce the Fall Risk in Healthy Community-Dwelling People Aged 65–80: A Secondary Data Analysis

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 714
Author(s):  
Isaac Aranda-Reneo ◽  
Laura Albornos-Muñoz ◽  
Manuel Rich-Ruiz ◽  
María Ángeles Cidoncha-Moreno ◽  
Ángeles Pastor-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Older People ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Individual Training

Research has demonstrated that some exercise programs are effective for reducing fall rates in community-dwelling older people; however, the literature is limited in providing clear recommendations of individual or group training as a result of economic evaluation. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) for reducing the fall risk in healthy, non-institutionalized older people. An economic evaluation of a multicenter, blinded, randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial was performed on 498 patients aged over 65 in primary care. Participants were randomly allocated to the treatment or control arms, and group or individual training. The program was delivered in primary healthcare settings and comprised five initial sessions, ongoing encouragement and support to exercise at home, and a reinforcement session after six months. Our hypothesis was that the patients who received the intervention would achieve better health outcomes and therefore need lower healthcare resources during the follow-up, thus, lower healthcare costs. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which used the timed up and go test results as an effective measure for preventing falls. The secondary outcomes included differently validated tools that assessed the fall risk. The cost per patient was USD 51.28 lower for the group than the individual sessions in the control group, and the fall risk was 10% lower when exercises had a group delivery. The OEP program delivered in a group manner was superior to the individual method. We observed slight differences in the incremental cost estimations when using different tools to assess the risk of fall, but all of them indicated the dominance of the intervention group. The OEP group sessions were more cost-effective than the individual sessions, and the fall risk was 10% lower.

scholarly journals Micromagnetic Characterization of Operation-Induced Damage in Charpy Specimens of RPV Steels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Madalina Rabung ◽  
Melanie Kopp ◽  
Antal Gasparics ◽  
Gábor Vértesy ◽  
Ildikó Szenthe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Irradiation ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Pressure Vessel Steel ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Vessel Steel ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Magnetic Adaptive Testing

The embrittlement of two types of nuclear pressure vessel steel, 15Kh2NMFA and A508 Cl.2, was studied using two different methods of magnetic nondestructive testing: micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis (3MA-X8) and magnetic adaptive testing (MAT). The microstructure and mechanical properties of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials are modified due to neutron irradiation; this material degradation can be characterized using magnetic methods. For the first time, the progressive change in material properties due to neutron irradiation was investigated on the same specimens, before and after neutron irradiation. A correlation was found between magnetic characteristics and neutron-irradiation-induced damage, regardless of the type of material or the applied measurement technique. The results of the individual micromagnetic measurements proved their suitability for characterizing the degradation of RPV steel caused by simulated operating conditions. A calibration/training procedure was applied on the merged outcome of both testing methods, producing excellent results in predicting transition temperature, yield strength, and mechanical hardness for both materials.

Pokémon Go as a Tool to Study the Social and Cognitive Factors that Impact Spatial Navigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225
Author(s):  
Dawn G. Blasko ◽  
Heather C. Lum ◽  
Mason McGuire ◽  
Tiffany Eichler ◽  
Kameron Landers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Spatial Skills ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pokémon Go ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Play Style

Researchers in spatial navigation have the difficult task of finding ecologically valid measures while maintaining a reasonable degree of internal validity. This often means simulating wayfinding and navigation task in the laboratory which increases control but eliminates the experience of walking around a natural environment. Augmented reality games like Pokémon Go allow researchers a novel way to study individual differences in cognitive and social factors in wayfinding with a game already designed to motivate players to move around in the real world. In the current study, Pokémon Go was played either individually or socially (2 players) while a map of the player’ speed and location was created in real time. We measured play style preference, game experience and basic spatial skills (mental rotation). Mental rotation performance was correlated with enjoying the game and being more motivated to play. Although games scores and distances traveled did not differ between the individual and cooperative groups, participates reported a strong preference for playing with a group over playing alone.

scholarly journals Individual educational paths

2021 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
V.Y. Nazarova ◽  
M.S. Ostapenko
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Process Maturity ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Educational Paths ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Educational Path ◽  
Individual Training

At present, professional institutions are operating under difficult conditions. To maintain competitiveness, universities are trying to attract students also by individual training. The article gives the results of a survey of students with the purpose to determine the problem of actualisation of the individual educational path of a student. Analysis of the survey results showed the level of student’s knowledge about the possibilities of individualization of the educational process, maturity of ideas about individual educational paths and attitude to them, and participation in their constructionand actualisation.

scholarly journals Place vs. Response Learning: History, Controversy, and Neurobiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarid Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Place Learning ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Response Learning ◽  
Multiple Memory Systems ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Place And Response Learning

The present article provides a historical review of the place and response learning plus-maze tasks with a focus on the behavioral and neurobiological findings. The article begins by reviewing the conflict between Edward C. Tolman’s cognitive view and Clark L. Hull’s stimulus-response (S-R) view of learning and how the place and response learning plus-maze tasks were designed to resolve this debate. Cognitive learning theorists predicted that place learning would be acquired faster than response learning, indicating the dominance of cognitive learning, whereas S-R learning theorists predicted that response learning would be acquired faster, indicating the dominance of S-R learning. Here, the evidence is reviewed demonstrating that either place or response learning may be dominant in a given learning situation and that the relative dominance of place and response learning depends on various parametric factors (i.e., amount of training, visual aspects of the learning environment, emotional arousal, et cetera). Next, the neurobiology underlying place and response learning is reviewed, providing strong evidence for the existence of multiple memory systems in the mammalian brain. Research has indicated that place learning is principally mediated by the hippocampus, whereas response learning is mediated by the dorsolateral striatum. Other brain regions implicated in place and response learning are also discussed in this section, including the dorsomedial striatum, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. An exhaustive review of the neurotransmitter systems underlying place and response learning is subsequently provided, indicating important roles for glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine, cannabinoids, and estrogen. Closing remarks are made emphasizing the historical importance of the place and response learning tasks in resolving problems in learning theory, as well as for examining the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of multiple memory systems. How the place and response learning tasks may be employed in the future for examining extinction, neural circuits of memory, and human psychopathology is also briefly considered.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological features of fighters of different tactical styles of conducting competitive duels

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
G.O. Ogar ◽  
E.I. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Time Switching ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Switching Attention ◽  
Individual Training

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: To determine the psychophysiological features of skilled freestyle wrestlers with different tactical ways of fighting.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The study involved 15 freestyle wrestlers who are students of the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University.  The athletes had experience in free-wrestling from 5 to 7 years, qualification of the  Meister kandidat (n = 6) and the 1st sports category (n = 9), age of the examinees - 17-21 years. With the help of V. Schulte's technique, testing of stability of attention and dynamics of efficiency of fighters was carried out. The indicators of switching and distribution of attention of the investigated by the method of FD were also tested. Humpback. A hierarchical cluster analysis of psychophysiological test results was conducted, according to which the investigated fighters were divided into two groups.</p><p> <strong>Results</strong>: According to the results of testing psychophysiological indicators, some differences were found between the groups. Cluster analysis of testing results of psychophysiological features of freestyle wrestlers divided the studied athletes into two groups. The first group includes fighters who lead competitive duels against defense, using mostly counter-attacks (defensive, counter-attacking style of conducting a competitive duel). The second group of investigated fighters included athletes, who are fighting in an active style (attacking style of running a competitive fight). The wrestlers of the second group, in terms of performance (p &lt;0.001) outperform the athletes of the first group. The first group studied showed a better time switching attention than their opponents (p&lt;0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The results of the study can be used in the individual training of fighters to determine the optimal tactical manner of the fight for specific athletes.</p>

scholarly journals How do you Implement a Digital Environment to Support a Training Group? | Comment organiser son environnement numérique pour soutenir le groupe en formation ?

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Ronchi
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Instructional Designer ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Online Delivery ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
European University ◽  
Individual Training

This case deals with an instructional designer (ID) working at a European university who has been asked to convert an existing on-campus program for working professionals to online delivery. This case took place over a period of several months and led to the development of an online training program. The program was designed to facilitate management of the individual training courses, while supporting exchanges between participants from a highly heterogenous audience. Interpersonal relationships that developed within the group remained a basic component of the training experience. The main challenges encountered by the instructional designer were the module-based courses that emphasized personalized learning, a lack of confidence in the Program Coordinator, and a lack of ICT knowledge by the design team in an institutional context unfavorable to the use of ICT. The courses offered by this university were mainly on-campus and the LMS was mainly used as a content repository.

Functional Language for a Severely Handicapped Child: A Case Study

AAESPH Review ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Janice D. Firling
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Handicapped Child ◽  
Functional Language ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Language Program ◽  
Severely Handicapped ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Program Data ◽  
Individual Training

The purpose of this case study is to review the procedures and results of a comprehensive model–employing operant conditioning procedures with a non-verbal child. The model is comprehensive itself in that it provides step-by-step training procedures from the point of training imitation of simple sounds, then a labeling vocabulary, then verbs, and so on through a total of 49 steps. Approximately half of the model is devoted to teaching spontaneous, functional speech. Specific procedures for training by parents or parent-figures are included. The study is also comprehensive in that it covers four years of training with the same child and trainer. Most of this training program is based on an imitation paradigm coupled with a two-trainer modeling procedure. The contents of the functional language program includes six areas of emphasis: Persons and Things; Action with Persons and Things; Possession; Color; Size; and Relation. The individual training steps of this category are repeatedly interrelated in such a way that the acquisition of one particular skill is expanded and refined in subsequent steps. The last nineteen steps of the program deal solely with expansion of spontaneous speech and generalization to other parts of the child's environment. The results of this case study are all empirically based. The child's progress can clearly be traced from steps dealing with simple sound imitation and then on through the rest of the program. Data on generalization of training to probe sessions are also presented.

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