scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary dynamics of social dilemmas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitanya S. Gokhale ◽  
Christoph Hauert
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Better Than

AbstractSocial dilemmas are an integral part of social interactions. Cooperative actions, ranging from secreting extra-cellular products in microbial populations to donating blood in humans, are costly to the actor and hence create an incentive to shirk and avoid the costs. Nevertheless, cooperation is ubiquitous in nature. Both costs and benefits often depend non-linearly on the number and types of individuals involved–as captured by idioms such as ‘too many cooks spoil the broth’ where additional contributions are discounted, or ‘two heads are better than one’ where cooperators synergistically enhance the group benefit. Interaction group sizes may depend on the size of the population and hence on ecological processes. This results in feedback mechanisms between ecological and evolutionary processes, which jointly affect and determine the evolutionary trajectory. Only recently combined eco-evolutionary processes became experimentally tractable in microbial social dilemmas. Here we analyse the evolutionary dynamics of non-linear social dilemmas in settings where the population fluctuates in size and the environment changes over time. In particular, cooperation is often supported and maintained at high densities through ecological fluctuations. Moreover, we find that the combination of the two processes routinely reveals highly complex dynamics, which suggests common occurrence in nature.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Ecology of Natural Comammox Nitrospira Populations

mSystems ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Palomo ◽  
Arnaud Dechesne ◽  
Otto X. Cordero ◽  
Barth F. Smets
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Over Time

Microbial species interact with each other and their environment (ecological processes) and undergo changes in their genomic repertoire over time (evolutionary processes). How these two classes of processes interact is largely unknown, especially for complex communities, as most studies of microbial evolutionary dynamics consider single species in isolation or a few interacting species in simplified experimental systems.

From Isovist to Spatial Perception: Wayfinding in Historic Quarter

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hung Chen ◽  
Ting-Ju Lin ◽  
Chih-Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Historical District ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
A Priori Analysis ◽  
Better Than

Based on the assumption that human behaviours are mainly affected by physical and animate environments, this empirical research takes the changeful and complex historical district in Tainan to observe wayfinding behaviours. An a priori analysis of the isovist fields is conducted to identify spatial characteristics. Three measures, the relative area, convexity, and circularity, are applied to scrutinize the possible stopping points, change of speed, and route choices. Accordingly, an experiment is carried out to observe spatial behaviours and different influences of social stimuli. Results show that social interactions afford groups and pairs to perform better than individual observers in wayfinding.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, MalaysiaKeywords: wayfinding; isovist; spatial perception and social stimuli; historic quarter

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Multi-Label Classification and Multi-Output Regression in Social Trait Recognition

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4127
Author(s):  
Will Farlessyost ◽  
Kelsey-Ryan Grant ◽  
Sara R. Davis ◽  
David Feil-Seifer ◽  
Emily M. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Facial Attributes ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Automated Methods ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Social Trait ◽  
Better Than

First impressions make up an integral part of our interactions with other humans by providing an instantaneous judgment of the trustworthiness, dominance and attractiveness of an individual prior to engaging in any other form of interaction. Unfortunately, this can lead to unintentional bias in situations that have serious consequences, whether it be in judicial proceedings, career advancement, or politics. The ability to automatically recognize social traits presents a number of highly useful applications: from minimizing bias in social interactions to providing insight into how our own facial attributes are interpreted by others. However, while first impressions are well-studied in the field of psychology, automated methods for predicting social traits are largely non-existent. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of two automated approaches—multi-label classification (MLC) and multi-output regression (MOR)—for first impression recognition from faces. We demonstrate that both approaches are able to predict social traits with better than chance accuracy, but there is still significant room for improvement. We evaluate ethical concerns and detail application areas for future work in this direction.

scholarly journals Evolution of a predator-induced, nonlinear reaction norm

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20170859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio J. Carter ◽  
Martin I. Lind ◽  
Stuart R. Dennis ◽  
William Hentley ◽  
Andrew P. Beckerman
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Maximum Response ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Defensive Reaction ◽  
Selection Gradients ◽  
Hunting Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Response

Inducible, anti-predator traits are a classic example of phenotypic plasticity. Their evolutionary dynamics depend on their genetic basis, the historical pattern of predation risk that populations have experienced and current selection gradients. When populations experience predators with contrasting hunting strategies and size preferences, theory suggests contrasting micro-evolutionary responses to selection. Daphnia pulex is an ideal species to explore the micro-evolutionary response of anti-predator traits because they face heterogeneous predation regimes, sometimes experiencing only invertebrate midge predators and other times experiencing vertebrate fish and invertebrate midge predators. We explored plausible patterns of adaptive evolution of a predator-induced morphological reaction norm. We combined estimates of selection gradients that characterize the various habitats that D. pulex experiences with detail on the quantitative genetic architecture of inducible morphological defences. Our data reveal a fine scale description of daphnid defensive reaction norms, and a strong covariance between the sensitivity to cues and the maximum response to cues. By analysing the response of the reaction norm to plausible, predator-specific selection gradients, we show how in the context of this covariance, micro-evolution may be more uniform than predicted from size-selective predation theory. Our results show how covariance between the sensitivity to cues and the maximum response to cues for morphological defence can shape the evolutionary trajectory of predator-induced defences in D. pulex .

scholarly journals Pairwise Interact-and-Imitate Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennio Bilancini ◽  
Leonardo Boncinelli ◽  
Nicola Campigotto
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Globally Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Symmetric Game ◽  
Dominated Strategies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Payoff Uncertainty

Abstract This paper introduces and studies a class of evolutionary dynamics --- Pairwise Interact-and-Imitate Dynamics (PIID) --- in which agents are matched in pairs, engage in a symmetric game, and imitate the opponent with a probability that depends on the difference in their payoffs. We provide a condition on the underlying game, named supremacy, and show that the population state in which all agents play the supreme strategy is globally asymptotically stable. We extend the framework to allow for payoff uncertainty, and check the robustness of our results to the introduction of some heterogeneity in the revision protocol followed by agents. Finally, we show that PIID can allow the survival of strictly dominated strategies, leads to the emergence of inefficient conventions in social dilemmas, and makes assortment ineffective in promoting cooperation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Dynamics of Time-Resolved Social Interactions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Cardillo ◽  
Giovanni Petri ◽  
Vincenzo Nicosia ◽  
Roberta Sinatra ◽  
Jesus Gomez-Gardenes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Time Resolved

scholarly journals Alien Species vs. Native Species: From Community Ecology to Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andersonn Silveira Prestes
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment and spread of exotic species is a contemporary major concern. Alien species may become invasive in their new habitat, leading to both/either environmental and/or economic impacts. I briefly reviewed the literature in the last decade about the relationship of exotic species and native communities. I identified that professionals usually approach the subject in two main points of view: (1) researchers tend to point out the impacts of alien species on entire communities, evaluating if the relationship is positive, negative or neutral; (2) they focus on the eco-evolutionary processes involved in the introductions, the dynamics of invasion, and individual study cases. When evaluating the response of introductions to entire communities, evidence seems to be ambiguous and may support positive, negative or neutral relationship, especially depending on the scale approached. The unique eco-evolutionary pathways of each introduction may be a great shortcoming in the searching for generalities. On the other hand, advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of invasion on different lineages through a more selective/individualized approach. I suggest that the dynamics of invasion might be studied through a perspective in which different eco-evolutionary processes, levels of organization (from gene to entire communities), the history of the organism(s) and time are taken into account. Individual cases might be compared in attempt to understand how the relationship exotic and native works and in the search for generalities.

scholarly journals The evolutionary dynamics of Oropouche Virus (OROV) in South America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Gutierrez ◽  
Emma Wise ◽  
Steven Pullan ◽  
Christopher Logue ◽  
Thomas A. Bowden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Variable Evolutionary Rates

AbstractThe Amazon basin is host to numerous arthropod-borne viral pathogens that cause febrile disease in humans. Among these,Oropouche orthobunyavirus(OROV) is a relatively understudied member of the Peribunyavirales that causes periodic outbreaks in human populations in Brazil and other South American countries. Although several studies have described the genetic diversity of the virus, the evolutionary processes that shape the viral genome remain poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive study of the genomic dynamics of OROV that encompasses phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary rate estimates, inference of natural selective pressures, recombination and reassortment, and structural analysis of OROV variants. Our study includes all available published sequences, as well as a set of new OROV genomes sequences obtained from patients in Ecuador, representing the first set of viral genomes from this country. Our results show that differing evolutionary processes on the three segments that encompass the viral genome lead to variable evolutionary rates and TMRCAs that could be explained by cryptic reassortment. We also present the discovery of previously unobserved putative N-linked glycosylation sites, and codons which evolve under positive selection on the viral surface proteins, and discuss the potential role of these features in the evolution of the virus through a combined phylogenetic and structural approach.

Daphnia as a Model for Eco-evolutionary Dynamics

2018 ◽  
pp. 403-424
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Walsh ◽  
Michelle Packer ◽  
Shannon Beston ◽  
Collin Funkhouser ◽  
Michael Gillis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
The Many

Much research has shown that variation in ecological processes can drive rapid evolutionary changes over periods of years to decades. Such contemporary adaptation sets the stage for evolution to have reciprocal impacts on the properties of populations, communities, and ecosystems, with ongoing interactions between ecological and evolutionary forces. The importance and generality of these eco-evolutionary dynamics are largely unknown. In this chapter, we promote the use of water fleas (Daphnia sp.) as a model organism in the exploration of eco-evolutionary interactions in nature. The many characteristics of Daphnia that make them suitable for laboratory study in conjunction with their well-known ecological importance in lakes, position Daphnia to contribute new and important insights into eco-evolutionary dynamics. We first review the influence of key environmental stressors in Daphnia evolution. We then highlight recent work documenting the pathway from life history evolution to ecology using Daphnia as a model. This review demonstrates that much is known about the influence of ecology on Daphnia life history evolution, while research exploring the genomic basis of adaptation as well as the influence of Daphnia life history traits on ecological processes is beginning to accumulate.

scholarly journals A novel route to cyclic dominance in voluntary social dilemmas

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (164) ◽  
pp. 20190789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Guo ◽  
Zhao Song ◽  
Sunčana Geček ◽  
Xuelong Li ◽  
Marko Jusup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Tit For Tat ◽  
Transitive Set ◽  
Set Up

Cooperation is the backbone of modern human societies, making it a priority to understand how successful cooperation-sustaining mechanisms operate. Cyclic dominance, a non-transitive set-up comprising at least three strategies wherein the first strategy overrules the second, which overrules the third, which, in turn, overrules the first strategy, is known to maintain biodiversity, drive competition between bacterial strains, and preserve cooperation in social dilemmas. Here, we present a novel route to cyclic dominance in voluntary social dilemmas by adding to the traditional mix of cooperators, defectors and loners, a fourth player type, risk-averse hedgers, who enact tit-for-tat upon paying a hedging cost to avoid being exploited. When this cost is sufficiently small, cooperators, defectors and hedgers enter a loop of cyclic dominance that preserves cooperation even under the most adverse conditions. By contrast, when the hedging cost is large, hedgers disappear, consequently reverting to the traditional interplay of cooperators, defectors, and loners. In the interim region of hedging costs, complex evolutionary dynamics ensues, prompting transitions between states with two, three or four competing strategies. Our results thus reveal that voluntary participation is but one pathway to sustained cooperation via cyclic dominance.

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