scholarly journals Taming the Late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Andrew Bennett ◽  
Sophie Champlot ◽  
Joris Peters ◽  
Benjamin S. Arbuckle ◽  
Silvia Guimaraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTaxonomic over-splitting of extinct or endangered taxa, due to an incomplete knowledge of both skeletal morphological variability and the geographical ranges of past populations, continues to confuse the link between isolated extant populations and their ancestors. This is particularly problematic with the genus Equus. To more reliably determine the evolution and phylogeographic history of the endangered Asiatic wild ass, we studied the genetic diversity and inter-relationships of both extinct and extant populations over the last 100,000 years, including samples throughout its previous range from Western Europe to Southwest and East Asia. Using 229 bp of the mitochondrial hypervariable region, an approach which allowed the inclusion of information from extremely poorly preserved ancient samples, we classify all non-African wild asses into nine clades that show a clear phylogeographic structure revealing their phylogenetic history. This study places the extinct European wild ass, E. hydruntinus, the phylogeny of which has been debated since the end of the 19th century, into its phylogenetic context within the Asiatic wild asses and reveals recent gene flow events between populations currently regarded as separate species. The phylogeographic organization of clades resulting from these efforts can be used not only to improve future taxonomic determination of a poorly characterized group of equids, but also to identify historic ranges, interbreeding events between various populations, and the impact of ancient climatic changes. In addition, appropriately placing extant relict populations into a broader phylogeographic and genetic context can better inform ongoing conservation strategies for this highly endangered species.

From koine to standard: the early modern origin of a key linguistic term

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Raf Van Rooy
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early History ◽  
John Dryden ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Linguistic Term ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this paper, I explore the early history of the word standard as a linguistic term, arguing that it came to compete with the designation common language in the seventeenth century. The latter phrase was, in turn, formed by ideas on the Greek koine during the Renaissance and appears to have been the first widely used collocation referring to a standard language-like entity. In order to sketch this evolution, I first discuss premodern ideas on the koine. Then, I attempt to outline how the intuitive comparison of the koine with vernacular norms that were being increasingly regulated resulted in the development of the concept of common language, termed lingua communis in Latin (a calque of Greek hē koinḕ diálektos), in the sixteenth century. This phrase highlighted the communicative functionality of the vernaculars, which were being codified in grammars and dictionaries. Scholars contrasted these common languages with regional dialects, which had a limited reach in terms of communication. This distinction received a social and evaluative connotation during the seventeenth century, which created a need for terminological alternatives; an increasingly popular option competing with common language was standard, which was variously combined with language and tongue by English authors from about 1650 onwards, especially in Protestant circles, where the vernaculars tended to play a more prominent role than in Catholic areas. Of major importance for this evolution was the work and linguistic usage of the poet John Dryden (1631–1700). This essay uncovers the early history of standard as a key linguistic term, while also presenting a case study which shows the impact of the rediscovery of the Greek heritage on language studies in Western Europe, especially through the term common language.

The History of the Treatment of Mental Illness

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lauren Mizock ◽  
Zlatka Russinova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 1 reviews the history of psychiatric treatment of people with mental illness in the United States and Western Europe, highlighting past perspectives in care, such as ancient trephination and exorcism during the demonology era, humorism in early Greek and Roman thought, a return to demonological perspectives in the Middle Ages, as well as mesmerism and psychoanalysis in the 19th and 20th centuries. The 20th-century biological perspective is described, including the use of insulin shock therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and lobotomy. Next, the development of more humane treatment approaches is discussed, such as the moral treatment movement of the 1800s. The ex-patient’s movement of the 1970s is reviewed, leading up to the contemporary recovery-oriented and psychosocial rehabilitation models of care. The impact of stigma on the acceptance of serious mental illness is explored throughout this history. Discussion questions, activities, and diagrams are also included.

scholarly journals Lophyra flexuosa (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) in desert countries: morphological variability in geographic aspect as potential beginning of speciation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radomir Jaskuła ◽  
Axel Schwerk ◽  
Mateusz Płóciennik
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Total Body

Lophyra flexuosa is one of only several eurytopic tiger beetles species known from Palearctic realm. Its geographical distribution shows several populations that are spread from the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, across some regions of south-western Europe and northern Africa to Israel and Syria. The species is characterized by long phenological activity, wide altitudinal distribution, and occurs in the highest number of habitats among all Cicindelidae known from Maghreb region. In the present study the geographical variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism in north African populations of L. flexuosa was studied. In total 52 samples with over 700 specimens were collected including 20 samples in Morocco and 32 in Tunisia. To test the variation in morphometric traits measurements of eight body parameters were taken from all males (383) and females (352) including right mandible length, length of head, width of head, length of pronotum, maximum pronotum width, length of elytra, maximum elytra width, and total body length. We discovered significant sexual dimorphism expressed by larger body size of females and longer mandibles in males, what can be explained by different roles of particular sexes in courtship. Moreover, we recorded significant differences in body sizes between western and eastern Maghreb populations which can suggest genetic isolation between these populations. As the species is related to habitats placed close to water reservoirs, which in the desert countries are under significant human pressure (including climate change), we expect an reduction of habitats occupied by this taxon. Therefore, the geographic morphological variability that we observe today in the tiger beetle Lophyra flexuosa may lead to speciation and creation of separate species in the future.

Imagining Jerusalem in the Medieval West

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
University Education ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Jerusalem was the object of intense study and devotion throughout the Middle Ages. This book illuminates ways in which the city was represented by Christians in Western Europe, from the 600s the 1500s. Focusing on maps in illuminated manuscripts and early printed books, it also considers views and architectural replicas, and treats depictions of the Temple and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre alongside those of Jerusalem as a whole. The chapters draw on new research and a range of disciplinary perspectives to show how such depictions responded to developments in the West, as well as to the shifting political circumstances of Jerusalem and its wider region. One central theme is the relationship between text, image and manuscript context, including discussion of images as scriptural exegesis and the place of schematic diagrams and plans in the presentation of knowledge. Another is the impact of trends in learning, such as the reception of Jewish scholarship, the move from monastic to university education, and the creation of yet wider audiences through mendicant preaching and the development of printing. The book also examines the role of changing liturgical and devotional practices, including imagined pilgrimage and the mapping of Jerusalem onto European cities and local landscapes. Finally, it seeks to elucidate how two- and three-dimensional representations of the city both resulted from and prompted processes of mental visualization. In this way, the book is conceived as a contribution to manuscript studies, the history of cartography, visual studies and the history of ideas.

scholarly journals Book Reviews

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
James Hantula ◽  
Ronald E. Butchart ◽  
Louis Y. Van Dyke ◽  
Juan Ramón García ◽  
George Kirchmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
World War I ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
State University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Harold C. Livesay. Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1978. Pp. x, 195. Paper, $8.95. Review by Frank J. Rader of SUNY Empire State College. Leroy Ostransky. Jazz City: The Impact of our Cities on the Development of Jazz. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, Inc., 1978. Pp. 274. Cloth, $10.95; paper, $5.95. Review by Barbara L. Yolleck of Columbia University and Rutgers University. Melvyn Dubofsky, Athan Theoharis, and Daniel M. Smith. The United States in the Twentieth Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978. Pp. xiv, 545. Paper, $13.95. Review by Eckard V. Toy, Jr. of the University of Oregon. Jack Bass and Walter DeVries. The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945. New York: Meridian, 1976. Pp. xi, 531. Paper, $5.95. Review by James L. Forsythe of Fort Hays State University. Allan R. Millett, ed. A Short History of the Vietnam War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. Pp. xx, 169. Cloth, $12.50; paper, $3.95. Review by Frank Burdick of SUNY College at Cortland. Barbara Mayer Wertheimer. We Were There: The Story of Working Women in America. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977. Pp. xii, 427. Paper, $6.95. Review by Sandra C. Taylor of the University of Utah. Patricia Branca. Women in Europe Since 1750. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978. Pp. 223. Cloth, $17.95. Review by Dana Greene of St. Mary's College of Maryland. Michael Anderson. The Family and Industrialization in Western Europe. The Forum Series. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1978. Pp. 16. $1.45; Daniel R. Browner. Russia and the West: The Origins of the Russian Revolution. The Forum Series. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1975. Pp. 16. $1.45; David F. Trask. Woodrow Wilson and World War I. The Forum Series. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1975. Pp. 16. $1.45; Michael Adas. European Imperialism in Asia. The Forum Series. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1974. Pp. 16. $1.45. Review by Bullitt Lowry of North Texas State University. Deno J. Geanakoplos. Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds. Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath and Co., 1979. Pp. xii, 513. Cloth, $12.95. Review by Delno C. West of Northern Arizona University. Edward Crankshaw. The Shadow of the Winter Palace: The Drift to Revolution, 1825-1917. New York: Penguin Books, 1978. Pp. 509. Paper, $3.95. Review by George Kirchmann of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Samuel H. Mayo. A History of Mexico: From Pre-Columbia to Present. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978. Pp. xi, 454. Paper, $9.95. Review by Juan Ramón García of the University of Michigan-Flint. By What Standard? A Response to Ronald E. Butchart by Louis Y. Van Dyke- Response by Ronald E. Butchart. Textbooks and the New York Times American History Examination. Review by James Hantula of the University of Northern Iowa.

A Cultural History of the Home in the Renaissance

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The People ◽  
Gender Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This volume addresses the relationship between people and their homes in Christian areas of Western Europe in the Renaissance, traced from the late fourteenth century to around 1650. The two centuries after 1450 were characterised by a cluster of interrelated forces that led to significant changes in the material, social, cultural, economic and political landscape. The essays in the volume vary in their geographical focus of study and disciplinary approach but taken together they try to uncover the impact of these changes on how people used, thought and felt about their homes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They try to understand what home meant – or if home even existed as a concept – for the people and the places they discuss. They also consider ways in which gender, status, age and geography contributed to different meanings of home, both as an idea and as a place to live.

scholarly journals Impact of Quaternary climatic changes and interspecific competition on the demographic history of a highly mobile generalist carnivore, the coyote

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Koblmüller ◽  
Robert K. Wayne ◽  
Jennifer A. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Quaternary Period ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
History Of

Recurrent cycles of climatic change during the Quaternary period have dramatically affected the population genetic structure of many species. We reconstruct the recent demographic history of the coyote ( Canis latrans ) through the use of Bayesian techniques to examine the effects of Late Quaternary climatic perturbations on the genetic structure of a highly mobile generalist species. Our analysis reveals a lack of phylogeographic structure throughout the range but past population size changes correlated with climatic changes. We conclude that even generalist carnivorous species are very susceptible to environmental changes associated with climatic perturbations. This effect may be enhanced in coyotes by interspecific competition with larger carnivores.

Peripheral Vision: Polish-Jewish Lawyers and Early Israeli Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-266
Author(s):  
Assaf Likhovski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Legal Writing ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
The Impact

Some of the founding fathers of Israel's legal system were lawyers educated in Polish law schools. What was the impact of this background on their legal thought? There are few explicit references to Polish law in Israeli legal texts. However, indirectly, legal and constitutional ideas taken from Polish law did appear in Israeli law. This article focuses on the legal writing of four Israeli lawyers in the period immediately after Israel's independence in 1948, showing how Polish law was used by these lawyers as a source for occasional precedents, for critiquing Israeli law (dominated by English law), and, mostly, for constitutional precedents.The relatively greater impact of Polish law in the constitutional realm can be attributed to the fact that Poland (like other new countries established in the interwar period in the periphery of western Europe, such as Ireland) offered Israeli lawyers constitutional models that were both more modern, and more relevant to the specific circumstances of the new state, where religion played an important role in defining the identity of the nation. The history of the impact of Polish law on Israeli law can thus serve as an example of interwar constitutional innovation in the European periphery, and its later impact on post-World War II constitutional law.

The Crisis of Contemporary Jewish Thought

One People? ◽  
1993 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Modern Jewish History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel

This chapter discusses the crisis of contemporary Jewish thought. The problem that threatens to render all contemporary Jewish thought systematically divisive is not the absence, but paradoxically the presence, of a shared language. Jews use the same words but mean profoundly different things by them. The point was dramatically illustrated by an utterance delivered at a key moment in modern Jewish history: the State of Israel's Declaration of Independence. The chapter then looks at the history of the impact on Jewish consciousness of the two decisive events of the present century: the Holocaust and the birth of the State of Israel. It also considers the third component of contemporary Jewish thought: the concept of peoplehood. Enlightenment thought had stressed the idea of universal humanity on the one hand, and the abstract individual on the other, freed from the constraints of tradition to make his own world of meanings through his choices. This was a language into which traditional Jewish identity could not be translated, and the sense of Jewish peoplehood suffered accordingly, especially in Western Europe.

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