scholarly journals Temporary mate removal during incubation leads to variable compensation in a biparental shorebird

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bulla ◽  
Mihai Valcu ◽  
Anne L. Rutten ◽  
Bart Kempenaers
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Semipalmated Sandpiper ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
Energetic Constraints ◽  
Incubating Birds ◽  
Partial Compensation

ABSTRACTBiparental care for offspring requires cooperation, but it is also a potential source of conflict, since one parent may care less at the expense of the other. How, then, do parents respond to the reduction of their partner’s care? Theoretical models predict that parents that feed offspring should partially compensate for the reduced care of their partner. However, for incubating birds partial compensation is unlikely the optimal strategy, because the entire brood can fail with reduced care. Although biparental incubation dominates in non-passerine birds, short-term manipulations of parental care and evaluations of individual differences in the response, both crucial to our understanding of parental cooperation, are scarce. Here, we describe the response of semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) parents to a 24-hour removal of their partner during the incubation period, explore factors that can explain individual variation in the response, and describe how incubation rhythms changed after the removed parent returned. On average, the parents compensated partially for the absence of their partner’s care (59%; 95%CI: 49-70%,N= 25 individuals). The level of compensation did not differ between the sexes. However, individual responses varied from no to full compensation (2-101%). In seven nests where the removed parent never returned, the widowed parent attended the nest for 0-10 days (median: 4 days). In contrast to patterns observed in undisturbed nests or in uniparental species, nest attendance during compensation tended to be higher during the warmer part of the day. Although the level of compensation was not related to the before-experimental share of incubation, more responsive parents (that left the nest earlier upon human approach) compensated more. The quality of incubation in the after-experimental period was lower than usual, but improved quickly over time. Our findings suggest that full compensation might be limited by energetic constraints or by variation in responsiveness to the absence of the partner. Nevertheless, semipalmated sandpiper parents are able to adjust their subsequent incubation behaviour to take full responsibility for the nest when widowed. Because (nearly) full compensation was the most common response, we speculate that all individuals attempt full compensation, but that some fail because their energy stores get depleted, or because they are less responsive to the absence of their partner.

Cancer and Cancer Treatment-Related Cognitive Impairment

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-83
Author(s):  
James C.  Root ◽  
Elizabeth Ryan ◽  
Tim A. Ahles
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Central Nervous System Cancer ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments

As the population of cancer survivors has grown into the millions, there is increasing emphasis on understanding how late effects of treatment impact survivors’ ability return to work/school, ability to function and live independently, and overall quality of life. Cognitive changes are one of the most feared problems among cancer survivors. This chapter describes the growing literature examining cognitive changes associated with non-central nervous system cancer and cancer treatment. Typical elements of cancer treatment are discussed, followed by a description of clinical presentation, self-reported and objectively assessed cognitive findings, and results of structural and functional neuroimaging research. Genetic and other risk factors for cognitive decline following treatment are identified and discussed, together with biomarkers and animal models of treatment-related effects. This is followed by a discussion of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments. Finally, challenges and recommendations for future research are provided to help guide subsequent research and theoretical models.

The effects of different amounts of liquid skim-milk on pork pigs with particular reference to carcass quality

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
Zena D. Hosking ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Calculated Energy ◽  
Matter Basis

SUMMARY1. Seventy-two individually fed pigs on six treatments were used to determine the effects on performance and in particular on carcass quality of (a) giving quantities of liquid skim-milk (preserved with formalin) in excess of those normally recommended; (b) replacing meal by skim-milk in the ration on a calculated dry-matter basis (1 gal. skim-milk equivalent to 1 · 1 lb. meal) as compared with a calculated energy basis (1 gal. skim-milk equivalent to 1 · 3 lb. meal) and (c) giving skim-milk for only a part of the growing period instead of throughout. The experimental period continued from 9–10 weeks of age until slaughter at an average live-weight of 135 lb.2. Extensive carcass measurements were taken and in addition assessment of the carcasses was made by a representative of the County Quality Pork Association and by an expert pork butcher.3. Carcasses from pigs given an all-meal diet were comparable in all respects with those from pigs given skim-milk throughout up to a maximum of either 5¼ or 10½ pints per pig per day.4. Carcasses from pigs given the highest level of skim-milk (maximum of 15¾ pints per pig per day) were superior in many respects to those on any of the other treatments, but the possibility that this was due to their slower rate of growth rather than to the high level of milk per se, is discussed.5. Pigs given skim-milk as replacement of part of their meal allowance on a calculated dry matter basis grew significantly faster than those in which the replacement was made on a calculated energy basis or than those given an all-meal diet. The importance is stressed of ensuring that in assessing the value of skim-milk for pigs the caloric value of the rations being compared is similar. The need for experiments based on actual determinations of the caloric value of the rations used is also emphasised.6. While the performance of pigs given skim-milk up to 75 lb. live-weight only was similar to that of pigs given skim-milk throughout, evidence was obtained that the quality of their carcasses was slightly inferior.7. There was some suggestion that as the level of skim-milk in the diet increased an eye muscle of a rather paler colour was produced.

Eye Movements of the Dogfish Squalus Acanthias L

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-130
Author(s):  
A. JOHN HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Spontaneous Movements ◽  
Excitatory State ◽  
Blind Area ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
Central Excitatory State ◽  
Partial Compensation

1. A method for recording the positions of the eyes of a free-swimming dogfish is described. 2. The eyes of the dogfish do not compensate completely for the lateral swinging of the head which occurs during swimming. The labyrinthine apparatus and the extraocular musculature are capable of providing complete compensation, but this compensation is opposed by influences from the spinal cord. 3. Full compensation during swimming would stabilize only objects at infinity. Partial compensation serves to stabilize a plane of reference close to the fish. 4. Eye movements, allied with the normal zig-zag progression of the fish, serve to eliminate the blind area behind the fish. 5. Other movements of the dogfish's eyes are discussed, and arranged in five categories. 6. Spontaneous movements of the eyes of resting dogfish are described, and related to the eye movements of swimming dogfish. The spontaneous movements are suggested to be manifestations of an otherwise subliminal central excitatory state affecting turning and swimming.

Inverse changes in plasma prolactin and LH concentrations in female canaries after disruption and reinitiation of incubation

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Goldsmith ◽  
S. Burke ◽  
J. M. Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Incubating Birds ◽  
Egg Removal ◽  
Female Canaries

ABSTRACT Prolactin and LH concentrations were measured in the plasma of female canaries sampled during the breeding cycle and after disruption and reinitiation of incubation behaviour. The late incubation period was characterized by low LH and high prolactin concentrations, and canaries separated from their nests at this stage showed an increase in LH and a decline in prolactin within 3 h. In one experiment mean (±s.e.m.) concentrations before and 24 h after nest deprivation were: prolactin 397 ± 86 and 18 ± 5 μg/l; LH 1·04±0·21 and 2·03±0·17 μg/l. Female canaries which abandoned their nests after the eggs had been removed also showed an increase in LH together with a fall in prolactin 24 h after egg removal. When nest-deprived canaries were allowed to resume incubation, plasma prolactin increased again within 5 h and after 2 days had reached levels normal for incubating birds (398± 46 μg/l). Concentrations of LH changed more gradually but had decreased 2 days after the resumption of incubation. Thus prolactin and LH show inverse changes after the disruption and reinitiation of incubation behaviour; it is not clear, however, if the change in one is dependent on the other or if both hormones are responding to the same external stimulus. J. Endocr. (1984) 103, 251–256

scholarly journals Efficiency increase in combined electro-chemical grinding of hard alloys by diamond metal bonded disks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Ольга Медведева ◽  
Olga Medvedeva ◽  
Александр Янюшкин ◽  
Aleksandr Yanyushkin ◽  
Павел Архипов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Capacity Factor ◽  
Hard Alloys ◽  
Metal Bond ◽  
Disc Cutting ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cutting Capacity ◽  
Diamond Disc

In the paper there are emphasized problems connected with the use of diamond metal bond abrasive discs at the processing of hard alloys. The reasons of cutting capacity decrease are pointed out which limit a wide-spread use of a diamond metal bond tool. It is established that for the achievement of a required productivity and quality of ready products is possible at the expense of the application of electro-chemical and electro-physical methods of stropping and also due to the improvement of abrasive disc designs. This work reports the investigations of a cutting capacity of diamond discs at the working of hard alloys by a combined method of electro-chemical grinding with simultaneous continuous stropping. As an output parameter there was accepted a cutting capacity factor of a diamond which was assesses according to the changes in effective working capacity. On the basis of the results of the experimental data processed there were obtained theoretical models of the dependence of the cutting capacity factor upon electric and mechanical constituents of the modes of combined electro-chemical grinding. A complex of investigations directed to the detection of efficient modes ensuring the stability of cutting capacity in diamond metal bond discs is carried out. It is experimentally confirmed that the application of the method of combined electro-chemical grinding with the simultaneous continuous disc stropping at working hard alloy materials allows increasing diamond disc cutting capacity by 15% in comparison with other methods of the diamond working of such materials.

scholarly journals Comparative studies of some white wine cultivars in the sub-region of Belgrade and Nis

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Branislava Sivcev ◽  
Dragoslav Cvetkovic ◽  
Nevena Petrovic ◽  
Ivana Popadic
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
White Wine ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Climatic Characteristics

In two wine-growing areas with different climatic characteristics 12 cultivars intended for the production of white wines were studied. The climatic characteristics include: mean annual air temperatures, mean vegetation air temperatures, heliothermal coefficient, hydrothermal coefficient and active temperatures sum from the moment of the growth of shoots to their full maturity for each studied cultivar. Elements of buds fruitfulness (6 features in total), yield, cluster mass, sugar quantity and grape quality were observed in both localities. In the vineyards of Grocka and Kutina high yielding varieties Ugni blanc and Dimyat can be grown with great success. Italian Riezling produced higher yields and better quality of unfermented grape juice in the vineyards of Grocka in comparison with the vineyards of Kutina. Pinot blanc in both localities was characterized by high yield, but the quality of unfermented grape juice was better in the vineyards of Grocka. Variety Rkaciteli produced high yield and good quality of unfermented grape juice in the experimental period in the vineyards of Kutina.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Rights of Relief and Unjustified Enrichment in Scots Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-231
Author(s):  
Euan West
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
Partial Compensation

In Scots law, a cautioner (i.e. a guarantor) who pays the guaranteed debt enjoys so-called “rights of relief” against the other parties liable for that debt: namely, a right to full compensation from the principal debtor (“total relief”) and a right to partial compensation from co-cautioners (“pro rata relief”). There has been an increasing tendency on the part of the Scottish courts to treat these rights of relief as a branch of the law of unjustified enrichment. This analysis, according to which a cautioner's payment of the guaranteed debt enriches the principal debtor and co-cautioners unjustifiably, thereby entitling the cautioner to redress, has been subject to academic criticism, with “enrichment” scholars arguing that rights of relief and unjustified enrichment are distinct areas of law. Building on the work of these scholars, this article explores the precise nature of the distinction between “enrichment” and “relief”, its implications for litigants faced with the choice whether to pursue a case on the basis of “relief” or “enrichment” and the extent to which these legal areas perform complementary roles.

scholarly journals Implementation Of Work Ethic, Compensation, Discipline And Effect On Performance Lecturers And Educational Staff

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-101
Author(s):  
Ainun Jariah
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Financial Compensation ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Method ◽  
Educational Staff ◽  
Partial Compensation

Colleges as providers of educational services must be able to give the best service to the consumer in this case should be able to have the quality of human resources. How can it be expected to provide the best service to students if the human resources involved can not feel comfortable in working so could not provide the best performance for the college. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the work ethic, financial compensation, nonfinancial compensation, and work discipline on the performance of lecturers and Personnel in STIE Widya Gama Lumajang, either partially or simultaneously. Mechanical research by distributing questionnaires and the research method used is multiple linear regression method . The results that partial compensation of financial and work discipline that has an influence on the performance of lecturers and Personnel. While simultaneously work ethic, financial compensation, nonfinancial compensation, and work discipline affect the performance of lecturers and Personnel in STIE Widya Gama Lumajang. Performance can be explained by the variable work ethic, financial compensation, nonfinancial compensation, work discipline 64.4% while the remaining 35.6% performance is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Preschool Teacher Identity

2016 ◽  
pp. 1914-1942
Author(s):  
Sanja Tatalović Vorkapić ◽  
Lidija Vujičić ◽  
Renata Čepić
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Identity ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Preschool Teacher ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Education And Care ◽  
Best Teachers

The teaching process cannot be simplified to definitions of the best teachers as those possessing certain desirable teaching behaviours and skills (Katz, 2002). Although there are numerous factors that significantly influence learning and teaching, one might agree that specific teaching roles dominantly determine the quality of preschool teaching processes and learning outcomes. Furthermore, two equally important dimensions that characterize teaching roles, as linked with concepts of identity, are professional and personal dimensions. Therefore, one might be wondering: Who are contemporary preschool teachers? How do they define their self and identity? What determines identity that preschool teachers describe as theirs? Consequently, how do these identities influence the quality of process of early and preschool care and education? Answering these questions is no easy task since the concept of identity is defined in various ways in the more general literature (Beijaard, Meijer, & Verloop, 2004). This chapter is focused on an analysis of preschool teacher identity from three specific aspects. First, since all identity models emphasize the cultural context within which preschool teachers' identity develops and its crucial role, contemporary changes in preschool teacher roles and a new study program called Early and Preschool Teacher Education and Care are analysed in the Croatian context. Secondly, in order to follow contemporary literature, theoretical models of identity are presented. Afterwards, based on such models, the personality traits and temperament of research participants are analysed within the context of preschool teacher identity. Finally, the chapter's third section analyses preschool teachers' values, motives, and narratives.

Preschool Teacher Identity

2014 ◽  
pp. 22-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Tatalović Vorkapić ◽  
Lidija Vujičić ◽  
Renata Čepić
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Identity ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Preschool Teacher ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Education And Care ◽  
Best Teachers

The teaching process cannot be simplified to definitions of the best teachers as those possessing certain desirable teaching behaviours and skills (Katz, 2002). Although there are numerous factors that significantly influence learning and teaching, one might agree that specific teaching roles dominantly determine the quality of preschool teaching processes and learning outcomes. Furthermore, two equally important dimensions that characterize teaching roles, as linked with concepts of identity, are professional and personal dimensions. Therefore, one might be wondering: Who are contemporary preschool teachers? How do they define their self and identity? What determines identity that preschool teachers describe as theirs? Consequently, how do these identities influence the quality of process of early and preschool care and education? Answering these questions is no easy task since the concept of identity is defined in various ways in the more general literature (Beijaard, Meijer, & Verloop, 2004). This chapter is focused on an analysis of preschool teacher identity from three specific aspects. First, since all identity models emphasize the cultural context within which preschool teachers' identity develops and its crucial role, contemporary changes in preschool teacher roles and a new study program called Early and Preschool Teacher Education and Care are analysed in the Croatian context. Secondly, in order to follow contemporary literature, theoretical models of identity are presented. Afterwards, based on such models, the personality traits and temperament of research participants are analysed within the context of preschool teacher identity. Finally, the chapter's third section analyses preschool teachers' values, motives, and narratives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document