scholarly journals On the Order of Gene Distribution on Chromosomes Across the Animal Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Toor ◽  
Amir A. Toor
Keyword(s):  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Gene Distribution ◽  
Complement Gene ◽  
Gene Dispersion ◽  
Average Gene ◽  
Animal Genomes

SummaryBackgroundThe large-scale pattern of distribution of genes on the chromosomes in the known animal genomes is not well characterized. We hypothesized that individual genes will be distributed on chromosomes in a mathematically ordered manner across the animal kingdom.ResultsTwenty-one animal genomes reported in the NCBI database were examined. Numerically, there was a trend towards increasing overall gene content with increasing size of the genome as reflected by the chromosomal complement. Gene frequency on individual chromosomes in each animal genome was analyzed and demonstrated uniformity of proportions within each animal with respect to both average gene frequency on individual chromosomes and gene distribution across the unique genomes. Further, average gene distribution across animal species followed a relationship whereby it was, approximately, inversely proportional to the square root of the number of chromosomes in the unique animal genomes, consistent with the notion that there is an ordered increase in gene dispersion as the complexity of the genome increased. To further corroborate these findings a derived measure, termed gene spacing on chromosomes correlated with gene frequency and gene distribution.ConclusionAs animal species have evolved, the distribution of their genes on individual chromosomes and within their genomes, when viewed on a large scale is not random, but follows a mathematically ordered process, such that as the complexity of the organism increases, the genes become less densely distributed on the chromosomes and more dispersed across the genome.

Average Gene Frequency Estimates in Two Open‐Pollinated Cultivars of Corn 1

Crop Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Goodrich ◽  
R. E. Stucker ◽  
W. A. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Average Gene

Improved square-root cubature information filter

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulong Huang ◽  
Yonggang Zhang ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Lin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Sigma Point ◽  
Theoretical Comparison ◽  
Error Covariance ◽  
Information Filter ◽  
Scale Matrix

In this paper, a theoretical comparison between existing the sigma-point information filter (SPIF) framework and the unscented information filter (UIF) framework is presented. It is shown that the SPIF framework is identical to the sigma-point Kalman filter (SPKF). However, the UIF framework is not identical to the classical SPKF due to the neglect of one-step prediction errors of measurements in the calculation of state estimation error covariance matrix. Thus SPIF framework is more reasonable as compared with UIF framework. According to the theoretical comparison, an improved cubature information filter (CIF) is derived based on the superior SPIF framework. Square-root CIF (SRCIF) is also developed to improve the numerical accuracy and stability of the proposed CIF. The proposed SRCIF is applied to a target tracking problem with large sampling interval and high turn rate, and its performance is compared with the existing SRCIF. The results show that the proposed SRCIF is more reliable and stable as compared with the existing SRCIF. Note that it is impractical for information filters in large-scale applications due to the enormous computational complexity of large-scale matrix inversion, and advanced techniques need to be further considered.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals the Genetic Architecture of Primary Membranoproliferative GN and C3 Glomerulopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam P. Levine ◽  
Melanie M.Y. Chan ◽  
Omid Sadeghi-Alavijeh ◽  
Edwin K.S. Wong ◽  
H. Terence Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
C3 Glomerulopathy ◽  
Complement Gene

BackgroundPrimary membranoproliferative GN, including complement 3 (C3) glomerulopathy, is a rare, untreatable kidney disease characterized by glomerular complement deposition. Complement gene mutations can cause familial C3 glomerulopathy, and studies have reported rare variants in complement genes in nonfamilial primary membranoproliferative GN.MethodsWe analyzed whole-genome sequence data from 165 primary membranoproliferative GN cases and 10,250 individuals without the condition (controls) as part of the National Institutes of Health Research BioResource–Rare Diseases Study. We examined copy number, rare, and common variants.ResultsOur analysis included 146 primary membranoproliferative GN cases and 6442 controls who were unrelated and of European ancestry. We observed no significant enrichment of rare variants in candidate genes (genes encoding components of the complement alternative pathway and other genes associated with the related disease atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; 6.8% in cases versus 5.9% in controls) or exome-wide. However, a significant common variant locus was identified at 6p21.32 (rs35406322) (P=3.29×10−8; odds ratio [OR], 1.93; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.53 to 2.44), overlapping the HLA locus. Imputation of HLA types mapped this signal to a haplotype incorporating DQA1*05:01, DQB1*02:01, and DRB1*03:01 (P=1.21×10−8; OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.66 to 2.89). This finding was replicated by analysis of HLA serotypes in 338 individuals with membranoproliferative GN and 15,614 individuals with nonimmune renal failure.ConclusionsWe found that HLA type, but not rare complement gene variation, is associated with primary membranoproliferative GN. These findings challenge the paradigm of complement gene mutations typically causing primary membranoproliferative GN and implicate an underlying autoimmune mechanism in most cases.

Programmable DNA Nanoindicator‐Based Platform for Large‐Scale Square Root Logic Biocomputing

Small ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (49) ◽  
pp. 1903489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyang Zhou ◽  
Hongmei Geng ◽  
Pengfei Wang ◽  
Chunlei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Square Root

ANIMAL TRAPS - EU AND NATIONAL REGULATIONS WITH SPECIFIC EMPHASIS ON THE AGREEMENT ON INTERNATIONAL NORMS OF HUMANE ANIMAL CAPTURE

2018 ◽  
Vol VIII (z. 2) ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
Magdalena Micińska
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

Animal traps have always accompanied man, with whom the primary people organized the first hunts. Along with the development of hunting art, traps gradually gave way to specialized hunting weapons. However, the use of animal traps on a large scale still occurs in countries that are world exporters of fur and skins of wild animals - Canada, Russia and the USA. Driven by expressed in art. 13 TFEU with the principle of animal welfare, the European Union has introduced a number of regulations to ensure humane catches in member countries as well as in third countries exporting skin and fur. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current legal situation in Poland with regard to the implementation of EU legislation on humane trap standards, with particular regard to the obligations contained in the agreement concluded between the European Community, Canada and the Russian Federation on 22 July 1997 - on international humane trapping standards . Keywords - EU, Poland, Russia, Canada, USA, animal welfare, humane animal protection, snare, poaching, animal species protection, hunting, animal traps, hunting, trapping, hunting law.

Suicide among Animals: A Review of Evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
The Self ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Nonhuman Species

Naturalists have not identified suicide in nonhuman species in field situations, despite intensive study of thousands of animal species. In this review, evidence on suicidal behavior among animals is analyzed to discover analogies with human suicidal behavior. Literature was retrieved by exploring Medline/PubMed and PsychINFO databases (1967–2007) and through manual literature searches. Keyword terms were “suicide or suicidal behavior” and “animal or animal behavior.” Few empirical investigations have been carried out on this topic. Nevertheless, sparse evidence supports some resemblance between the self-endangering behavior observed in the animal kingdom, particularly in animals held in captivity or put under pressure by environmental challenges, and suicidal behavior among humans. Animal models have contributed to the study of both normal and pathological human behaviors: discovering some correlates of suicide among animals could be a valid contribution to the field.

scholarly journals Extreme positive allometry of animal adhesive pads and the size limits of adhesion-based climbing

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 1297-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Labonte ◽  
Christofer J. Clemente ◽  
Alex Dittrich ◽  
Chi-Yun Kuo ◽  
Alfred J. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Positive Allometry ◽  
Enhanced Diffusion ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Adhesive Pads ◽  
Size Limits

Organismal functions are size-dependent whenever body surfaces supply body volumes. Larger organisms can develop strongly folded internal surfaces for enhanced diffusion, but in many cases areas cannot be folded so that their enlargement is constrained by anatomy, presenting a problem for larger animals. Here, we study the allometry of adhesive pad area in 225 climbing animal species, covering more than seven orders of magnitude in weight. Across all taxa, adhesive pad area showed extreme positive allometry and scaled with weight, implying a 200-fold increase of relative pad area from mites to geckos. However, allometric scaling coefficients for pad area systematically decreased with taxonomic level and were close to isometry when evolutionary history was accounted for, indicating that the substantial anatomical changes required to achieve this increase in relative pad area are limited by phylogenetic constraints. Using a comparative phylogenetic approach, we found that the departure from isometry is almost exclusively caused by large differences in size-corrected pad area between arthropods and vertebrates. To mitigate the expected decrease of weight-specific adhesion within closely related taxa where pad area scaled close to isometry, data for several taxa suggest that the pads’ adhesive strength increased for larger animals. The combination of adjustments in relative pad area for distantly related taxa and changes in adhesive strength for closely related groups helps explain how climbing with adhesive pads has evolved in animals varying over seven orders of magnitude in body weight. Our results illustrate the size limits of adhesion-based climbing, with profound implications for large-scale bio-inspired adhesives.

scholarly journals Computer vision, camouflage breaking and countershading

2008 ◽  
Vol 364 (1516) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Tankus ◽  
Yehezkel Yeshurun
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Flat Background ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Image Edges ◽  
Multiple Edges ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Camouflage is frequently used in the animal kingdom in order to conceal oneself from visual detection or surveillance. Many camouflage techniques are based on masking the familiar contours and texture of the subject by superposition of multiple edges on top of it. This work presents an operator, D arg , for the detection of three-dimensional smooth convex (or, equivalently, concave) objects. It can be used to detect curved objects on a relatively flat background, regardless of image edges, contours and texture. We show that a typical camouflage found in some animal species seems to be a ‘countermeasure’ taken against detection that might be based on our method. Detection by D arg is shown to be very robust, from both theoretical considerations and practical examples of real-life images.

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