scholarly journals Subjective value and decision entropy are jointly encoded by aligned gradients across the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez ◽  
Olivia Guest ◽  
Bradley C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecent work has considered the relationship between value and confidence in both behavior and neural representation. Here we evaluated whether the brain organizes value and confidence signals in a systematic fashion that reflects the overall desirability of options. If so, regions that respond to either increases or decreases in both value and confidence should be widespread. We strongly confirmed these predictions through a model-based fMRI analysis of a mixed gambles task that assessed subjective value (SV) and inverse decision entropy (iDE), which is related to confidence. Purported value areas more strongly signalled iDE than SV, underscoring how intertwined value and confidence are. A gradient tied to the desirability of actions transitioned from positive SV and iDE in ventromedial prefrontal cortex to negative SV and iDE in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. This alignment of SV and iDE signals could support retrospective evaluation to guide learning and subsequent decisions.

scholarly journals Subjective value and decision entropy are jointly encoded by aligned gradients across the human brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez ◽  
Olivia Guest ◽  
Bradley C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Recent work has considered the relationship between value and confidence in both behavioural and neural representation. Here we evaluated whether the brain organises value and confidence signals in a systematic fashion that reflects the overall desirability of options. If so, regions that respond to either increases or decreases in both value and confidence should be widespread. We strongly confirmed these predictions through a model-based fMRI analysis of a mixed gambles task that assessed subjective value (SV) and inverse decision entropy (iDE), which is related to confidence. Purported value areas more strongly signalled iDE than SV, underscoring how intertwined value and confidence are. A gradient tied to the desirability of actions transitioned from positive SV and iDE in ventromedial prefrontal cortex to negative SV and iDE in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. This alignment of SV and iDE signals could support retrospective evaluation to guide learning and subsequent decisions.

scholarly journals Reducing future fears by suppressing the brain mechanisms underlying episodic simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (52) ◽  
pp. E8492-E8501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G. Benoit ◽  
Daniel J. Davies ◽  
Michael C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Imagining future events conveys adaptive benefits, yet recurrent simulations of feared situations may help to maintain anxiety. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people can attenuate future fears by suppressing anticipatory simulations of dreaded events. Participants repeatedly imagined upsetting episodes that they feared might happen to them and suppressed imaginings of other such events. Suppressing imagination engaged the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which modulated activation in the hippocampus and in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Consistent with the role of the vmPFC in providing access to details that are typical for an event, stronger inhibition of this region was associated with greater forgetting of such details. Suppression further hindered participants’ ability to later freely envision suppressed episodes. Critically, it also reduced feelings of apprehensiveness about the feared scenario, and individuals who were particularly successful at down-regulating fears were also less trait-anxious. Attenuating apprehensiveness by suppressing simulations of feared events may thus be an effective coping strategy, suggesting that a deficiency in this mechanism could contribute to the development of anxiety.

Is the Human Brain Unique?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Brain

Some scientists now argue that humans are really not superior to other species, including our nearest genetic neighbors, chimpanzees and bonobos. Indeed, those animals seem capable of many things previously thought to be uniquely human, including a sense of the future, empathy, depression, and theory of mind. However, it is clear that humans alone produce speech, dominate the globe, and have several brain diseases like schizophrenia. There are three possible sources within the brain for these differences in brain function: in the structure of the brain, in genes coding for proteins in the brain, and in the level of expression of genes in the brain. There is evidence that all three are the case, giving us a place to look for the intersection of the human mind and brain: the expression of genes within neurons of the prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals The dimensionality of neural representations for control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Badre ◽  
Apoorva Bhandari ◽  
Haley Keglovits ◽  
Atsushi Kikumoto
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Review Current

Cognitive control allows us to think and behave flexibly based on our context and goals. At the heart of theories of cognitive control is a control representation that enables the same input to produce different outputs contingent on contextual factors. In this review, we focus on an important property of the control representation’s neural code: its representational dimensionality. Dimensionality of a neural representation balances a basic separability/generalizability trade-off in neural computation. We will discuss the implications of this trade-off for cognitive control. We will then briefly review current neuroscience findings regarding the dimensionality of control representations in the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex. We conclude by highlighting open questions and crucial directions for future research.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KINERJA OTAK DENGAN SPIRITUALITAS MANUSIA DIUKUR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN INDONESIA SPIRITUAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT PADA DOSEN STAIN MANADO

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitria Angraini Dalili ◽  
Taufiq F. Pasiak ◽  
Sunny Wangko
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Spiritual Health ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Neuroscience is a science about the nervous system especially the brain. According to Daniel Amen who used SPECT to watch brain activity that was associated with the soul, brain was  divided into five main systems: prefrontal cortex, limbic system, ganglia basalis, gyrus cingulatus, and temporal lobe. A person’s spirituality is related to the purpose and meaning of his/her life as a manifestation of one’s relationship with God. Spirituality has four dimensions, namely the meaning of life, positive emotions, spiritual experiences and rituals. In Indonesia, Indonesia Spiritual Health Assessment (ISHA) is used to assess a person’s spirituality. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of spirituality with the human brain among Manado STAIN lecturers. This was a descriptive analytic study with 30 respondents. The results were analyzed by using the Spearmen correlation analysis. There was a significant correlation between the performance of the human brain and spirituality, in this case the relationship was between the prefrontal cortex and the meaning of life. Conclusion: There was a strong relationship between the human brain and spirituality. Keywords: brain, ISHA, spirituality.  Abstrak: Neurosains adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang semua hal yang berkaitan dengan sistem saraf, dalam hal ini otak. Daniel Amen yang menggunakan SPECT dalam mengamati aktivitas otak yang berhubungan dengan jiwa, membagi otak ke dalam lima sistem utama: cortex prefrontalis, sistem limbik, ganglia basalis, gyrus cingulatus, dan lobus temporalis. Spiritualitas seseorang berkaitan dengan tujuan dan makna hidup kehidupan secara keseluruhan, sebagai manifestasi hubungannya dengan Tuhan. Spiritualitas mempunyai empat dimensi yaitu makna hidup, emosi positif, pengalaman spiritual, dan ritual. Di Indonesia, alat ukur spiritual yang digunakan yaitu Indonesia Spiritual Health Assessment (ISHA). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan kinerja otak dengan spiritualitas manusia pada dosen STAIN Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan jumlah responden 30 orang. Hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan analisis korelasi Spearmen yang menunjukkan adanya korelasi bermakna antara kinerja otak dan spiritualitas manusia, dalam hal ini hubungan antara cortex prefrontalis dan makna hidup. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kinerja otak dan spiritualitas manusia. Kata kunci: otak, ISHA, spiritualitas.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological assessment : An overview

2014 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Bidita Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Clinical Neuropsychology ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Man’s interest in the relationship between the brain and behaviour extends back at least 2500 years. The study of brain behaviour relationship evolved with the development of a science of human behaviour based on the function of human brain, known as neuropsychology. Clinical neuropsychology in the 20th century showed a steady accumulation of clinical reports and research investigations that have gradually refined the theoretical positions. However, assessment relies heavily on the use of specific tests to investigate brain-behaviour relationships. There has been several specific standerdized tests as well as test batteries developed across the globe. Current article has focused on different neuropsychological test batteries to evaluate individuals suspected of having brain dysfunction or damage.

scholarly journals Schema support for forming inferences in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Philippe Paulus ◽  
Carlo Vignali ◽  
Marc N Coutanche
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Memory Integration ◽  
New Information ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Memory Schema ◽  
The Brain

Associative inference, the process of drawing novel links between existing knowledge to rapidly integrate associated information, is supported by the hippocampus and neocortex. Within the neocortex, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in the rapid cortical learning of new information that is congruent with an existing framework of knowledge, or schema. How the brain integrates associations to form inferences, specifically how inferences are represented, is not well understood. In this study, we investigate how the brain uses schemas to facilitate memory integration in an associative inference paradigm (A-B-C-D). We conducted two event-related fMRI experiments in which participants retrieved previously learned direct (AB, BC, CD) and inferred (AC, AD) associations between word pairs for items that are schema congruent or incongruent. Additionally, we investigated how two factors known to affect memory, a delay with sleep, and reward, modulate the neural integration of associations within, and between, schema. Schema congruency was found to benefit the integration of associates, but only when retrieval immediately follows learning. RSA revealed that neural patterns of inferred pairs (AC) in the PHc, mPFC, and posHPC were more similar to their constituents (AB and BC) when the items were schema congruent, suggesting that schema facilitates the assimilation of paired items into a single inferred unit containing all associated elements. Furthermore, a delay with sleep, but not reward, impacted the assimilation of inferred pairs. Our findings reveal that the neural representations of overlapping associations are integrated into novel representations through the support of memory schema.

The Neuroscience of Learning Agility

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-142
Author(s):  
Kim E. Ruyle
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Learning Agility ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

“The Neuroscience of Learning Agility” explores the relationship between neurobiology and learning agility. It provides an overview of the organization of the brain, focusing on the roles of the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex and how these particular brain regions relate to personality, executive function, and the metacompetencies of emotional intelligence and learning agility. The neuroscience of learning is discussed, including the brain’s attention networks, neuroplasticity, and biological underpinnings of memory. An argument is posited that the brain’s perceptions of threats directly impacts one’s personality and, by extension, influences one’s level of learning agility. The chapter concludes by providing neuroscience-based suggestions for developing learning agility.

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