scholarly journals Neuropsychological assessment : An overview

2014 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Bidita Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Clinical Neuropsychology ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Man’s interest in the relationship between the brain and behaviour extends back at least 2500 years. The study of brain behaviour relationship evolved with the development of a science of human behaviour based on the function of human brain, known as neuropsychology. Clinical neuropsychology in the 20th century showed a steady accumulation of clinical reports and research investigations that have gradually refined the theoretical positions. However, assessment relies heavily on the use of specific tests to investigate brain-behaviour relationships. There has been several specific standerdized tests as well as test batteries developed across the globe. Current article has focused on different neuropsychological test batteries to evaluate individuals suspected of having brain dysfunction or damage.

Sleep Phenomena from the Perspectives of Islam and Science

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahwahida Mohd Yusof ◽  
Siti Norlina Muhamad ◽  
Arieff Salleh Rosman ◽  
Sarimah Noor Ahmad ◽  
Nor Farhah Razak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Taking Care

This article discusses the phenomenon of sleep, with emphasized to its importance, sleeping times, sleeping positions and even the etiquette of sleeping, from the views of Islam and Science. The Quran and Science are inseparable and the relationship between the two is highly balanced. Scientists have said that the phenomena of sleep is a miracle that deserves to be analysed and studied in depth, as it is a complex phenomena. Glory and Praise to be Allah Almighty has decreed in the Quran of the importance of sleep in the day and night, and that sleep is one of the signs of Allah’s Almighty power and is a miracle to be studied by each individual. Islam places great importance on taking care of one’s body and sleep is one need that has to be fulfilled. Scientists have stressed that sleep is needed to rest the brain, improve memory, and increase one’s energy. This shows that Islam places great importance on having productivity and alertness in each individual’s deed. Many scientific facts that had been clearly stated in a fundamental manner in the Quran could only be analysed with the advanced technology of the 20th century. These facts were not known when they were first revealed and are proof that the Quran is the book of Allah Almighty. The view of Islam on the sleep phenomenon is in line with and is according to the findings of contemporary scien

The relationship between facial whorl direction and sidedness in ridden horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
H. Randle ◽  
E. Elworthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The influence of Natural Selection on the evolution of the horse (Equus callabus) is minimal due to its close association with humans. Instead Artificial Selection is commonly imposed through selection for features such as a ‘breed standard’ or competitive ability. It has long been considered to be useful if indicators of characteristics such as physical ability could be identified. Kidd (1902) suggested that the hair coverings of animals were closely related to their lifestyle, whether they were active or passive. In 1973 Smith and Gong concluded that hair whorl (trichloglyph) pattern and human behaviour is linked since hair patterning is determined at the same time as the brain develops in the foetus. More recently Grandin et al. (1995), Randle (1998) and Lanier et al. (2001) linked features of facial hair whorls to behaviour and production in cattle. Hair whorl features have also been related to temperament in equines (Randle et al., 2003).

scholarly journals Subjective value and decision entropy are jointly encoded by aligned gradients across the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez ◽  
Olivia Guest ◽  
Bradley C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecent work has considered the relationship between value and confidence in both behavior and neural representation. Here we evaluated whether the brain organizes value and confidence signals in a systematic fashion that reflects the overall desirability of options. If so, regions that respond to either increases or decreases in both value and confidence should be widespread. We strongly confirmed these predictions through a model-based fMRI analysis of a mixed gambles task that assessed subjective value (SV) and inverse decision entropy (iDE), which is related to confidence. Purported value areas more strongly signalled iDE than SV, underscoring how intertwined value and confidence are. A gradient tied to the desirability of actions transitioned from positive SV and iDE in ventromedial prefrontal cortex to negative SV and iDE in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. This alignment of SV and iDE signals could support retrospective evaluation to guide learning and subsequent decisions.

Sensory Gating Capacity and Attentional Function in Adults With ADHD: A Preliminary Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi ◽  
Régis Lopez ◽  
Michel Cermolacce ◽  
Florence Vaillant ◽  
Pauline Péri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Objective: The inability to filter sensory input correctly may impair higher cognitive function in ADHD. However, this relationship remains largely elusive. The objectives of the present study is to investigate the relationship between sensory input processing and cognitive function in adult patients with ADHD. Method: This study investigated the relationship between deficit in sensory gating capacity (P50 amplitude changes in a double-click conditioning-testing paradigm and perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating deficit with the Sensory Gating Inventory [SGI]) and attentional and executive function (P300 amplitude in an oddball paradigm and attentional and executive performances with a neuropsychological test) in 24 adult patients with ADHD. Results: The lower the sensory gating capacity of the brain and the higher the distractibility related to sensory gating inability that the patients reported, the lower the P300 amplitude. Conclusion: The capacity of the brain to gate the response to irrelevant incoming sensory input may be a fundamental protective mechanism that prevents the flooding of higher brain structures with irrelevant information in adult patients with ADHD.

scholarly journals Subjective value and decision entropy are jointly encoded by aligned gradients across the human brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez ◽  
Olivia Guest ◽  
Bradley C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Recent work has considered the relationship between value and confidence in both behavioural and neural representation. Here we evaluated whether the brain organises value and confidence signals in a systematic fashion that reflects the overall desirability of options. If so, regions that respond to either increases or decreases in both value and confidence should be widespread. We strongly confirmed these predictions through a model-based fMRI analysis of a mixed gambles task that assessed subjective value (SV) and inverse decision entropy (iDE), which is related to confidence. Purported value areas more strongly signalled iDE than SV, underscoring how intertwined value and confidence are. A gradient tied to the desirability of actions transitioned from positive SV and iDE in ventromedial prefrontal cortex to negative SV and iDE in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. This alignment of SV and iDE signals could support retrospective evaluation to guide learning and subsequent decisions.

Is the Bender Gestalt Test an Important Tool for Neuropsychologists?

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
K.J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Neuropsychological Test Battery ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standard Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Bender Gestalt Test

The title Bender Gestalt: Screening for Brain Dysfunction (2nd ed.) indicates that the primary utility of the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) is one of screening for the presence of brain impairment. The author, Patricia Lacks, quickly dispels this notion in the preface to her book where she states, “My book is not about how to use the BGT as a single test of ‘organicity’, a long outdated practice. Instead, the focus is on neuropsychological assessment as a continuum” (p. vii). Indeed, Lacks advocates, throughout her book, the more general use of the BGT as an important part of any standard neuropsychological test battery. She writes, “Even though the BGT has been shown to be useful for identifying persons with a wide range of cognitive impairment, it primarily assesses disordered perceptual-motor and executive functions” (p. 27). Unfortunately, Lacks does not provide the reader with any data to support her above statement regarding what the BGT actually measures. Before taking the latter point any further, allow me to briefly describe the BGT and its history.

The Value of the Lens Model Paradigm in Neuropsychological Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-276
Author(s):  
Martin Peper
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Lens Model ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Clinical Neuropsychology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract. A key issue of neuropsychological assessment is how to optimally associate mental function with neurobiological function. Correspondingly, clinical neuropsychology explores the relationship between mental dysfunction and neuropathology. Here, the well-known Brunswik-lens paradigm of psychological assessment is adapted to neuropsychology and a “neuro-lens model” (NLM) is suggested to better cross-link psychological and neurobiological construct domains. NLMs may contribute to optimizing coordinated measurement at different levels of aggregation and to clarifying issues of reliability and construct validation. Although the potential value of NLMs is challenged by complex implementation and analysis, Brunswik-type NLM modeling might be a promising new approach to clinical decision-making and assessment, test development, and research.

scholarly journals The Hypothesis of Unexplained Brain Damage and Learning Difficulties

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Theofilidis Antonis
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: The term learning disabilities refers to a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that affects many thousands of students. Due to the rich symptomatology of learning difficulties and the increased differences between individuals, it has not been possible to analyze all cases exclusively from the perspective of the neuropsychological approach. Aim. The aim of this study was to present research conducted in the context of theories on the brain function of people with learning disabilities. Supporting the hypothesis of brain dysfunction. Methodology: Literature review was carried out in the web, which referred to researches on Special Learning Disabilities and the brain function associated with them. Results: Review of the literature highlighted key points of the relationship between learning difficulties and brain function. Brain dysfunction and the cognitive functions produced emerged as one of the key factors involved in learning disabilities. Many of the theories developed around the problems of children with learning disabilities have focused on specific areas of the brain that may be dysfunctional. Conclusions: The difficulty of locating obvious brain damage in individuals who have been characterized as dyslexic leads to the strengthening of the hypothesis of the existence of a slight or minimal brain damage that cannot be easily diagnosed and strengthens the hypothesis of an unexplained brain damage that could be heterogeneous groups of learning disabilities.

scholarly journals Neurolinguistics and aphasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Fidan Abiyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Short History ◽  
Language And Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

This article deals with the relationship between the language and human brain. Special attention was given to Neurolinguistics which studies the relationship between the human brain and the language. The article tries to explore how the brain understands and produces the language. Language disorders, especially Broca`s aphasia and Wernicke`s aphasia are spoken about and a lot of important questions about language production and perception are attempted to be answered. It provides a comprehensive explanation of the views to Neurolinguistics and gives short history of the investigation of the left hemisphere and its role in language and communication. The article is intended to anybody who wants to acquire knowledge about the relationship between language and brain, Neurolinguistics and Aphasia.

The human brain project: neuroscience perspectives and German contributions

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Amunts
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Human Brain Project ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Organizational Principles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Performance Computing ◽  
The Eu

AbstractStudying the human brain remains one of the greatest scientific challenges. A comprehensive understanding of the structural and functional organization of the brain is not only of great importance for basic science, but also for the development of new approaches that improve diagnosis and the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Thus, the Human Brain Project (HBP) was start­ed in October 2013. The immense complexity of the brain, with its approximately 86 bi­llion nerve cells, makes it essential to include modeling and simulation approaches, combined with methods of high performance computing (HPC), in order to analyze the organizational principles of the brain. Con­versely, the understanding of neural mecha­nisms might inspire new advancements for HPC. The project will be funded with approximately € 1.19 billion, with 75% of funding from the EU, and the rest provided by partner countries and their institutions. The HBP currently involves about 80 institutions from 22 countries and has a duration of 10 years, thus, making it one of the world’s largest re­search initiatives. This article is designed to give a brief overview of the HBP organization, and to illustrate the German neuroscientific contributions to the HBP and indicate the relationship to other projects within the HBP.

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