scholarly journals Anopheles stephensi as an emerging malaria vector in the Horn of Africa with high susceptibility to Ethiopian Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum isolates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temesgen Ashine ◽  
Hiwot Teka ◽  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Louisa A. Messenger ◽  
Wakweya Chali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Blood Meal Source ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Genetic Complexity

AbstractAnopheles stephensi, an efficient Asian malaria vector, recently spread into the Horn of Africa and may increase malaria receptivity in African urban areas. We assessed occurrence, genetic complexity, blood meal source and infection status of An. stephensi in Awash Sebat Kilo town, Ethiopia. We used membrane feeding assays to assess competence of local An. stephensi to P. vivax and P. falciparum isolates from clinical patients. 75.3% of the examined waterbodies were infested with An. stephensi developmental stages that were genetically closely related to isolates from Djibouti and Pakistan. Both P. vivax and P. falciparum were detected in wild-caught adult An. stephensi. Local An. stephensi was more receptive to P. vivax compared to a colony of An. arabiensis. We conclude that An. stephensi is an established vector in this part of Ethiopia, highly permissive for local P. vivax and P. falciparum isolates and presents an important new challenge for malaria control.Summary of the articleAn. stephensi, a metropolitan malaria vector that recently expanded to the Horn of African, was highly susceptible to local P. falciparum and P. vivax isolates from Ethiopia and may increase malariogenic potential of rapidly expanding urban settings in Africa.

scholarly journals The genome trilogy of Anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector, reveals structure of a locus associated with adaptation to environmental heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Thakare ◽  
Chaitali Ghosh ◽  
Tejashwini Alalamath ◽  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Himani Narang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Exonic Snps ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Background: Anopheles stephensi is the most menacing malaria vector to watch for in newly urbanizing parts of the world. The fitness is reported to be a direct consequence of the vector adapting to laying eggs in over-head water tanks with street-side water puddles polluted by oil and sewage. Large frequent inversions of malaria vectors are implicated in adaptation. Results: We report the assembly of a strain of An. stephensi of the type-form, collected from a construction site from Chennai (IndCh) in 2016. The genome completes the trilogy with respect to a 16 Mbp inversion (2Rb) in An. stephensi associated with adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Comparative genome analysis revealed breakpoint structure and allowed extraction of 22,650 segregating SNPs for typing this inversion. Using whole genome sequencing of 82 individual mosquitoes, we conclude that one third of both wild and laboratory populations maintain heterozygous genotype of 2Rb. The large number of SNPs are tailored to assign inversion genotype directly from 1740 exonic SNPs 80% of which are expressed in various developmental stages. Conclusions: The genome trilogy approach accelerates study of fine structure and typing of important inversions in malaria vectors putting the genome resources for the much understudied An. stephensi, on par with the extensively studied malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. We argue that the IndCh genome is relevant for field translation work compared to those reported earlier by showing that individuals from diverse populations cluster with IndCh pointing to significant commerce between cities, perhaps, allowing for survival of the fittest strain.

scholarly journals Optimization of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite production from Anopheles stephensi in South West India

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajeet Kumar Mohanty ◽  
Charles de Souza ◽  
Deepika Harjai ◽  
Prathamesh Ghavanalkar ◽  
Mezia Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Gametocyte Density ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
South West ◽  
Membrane Feeding

Abstract Background Efforts to study the biology of Plasmodium vivax liver stages, particularly the latent hypnozoites, have been hampered by the limited availability of P. vivax sporozoites. Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. Using P. vivax patient blood samples, a series of standard membrane-feeding experiments were performed with An. stephensi under the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA). The goal was to understand the dynamics of parasite development in mosquitoes as well as the production of P. vivax sporozoites. To obtain a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites, mosquito-rearing and mosquito membrane-feeding techniques were optimized, which are described here. Methods Membrane-feeding experiments were conducted using both wild and laboratory-colonized An. stephensi mosquitoes and patient-derived P. vivax collected at the Goa Medical College and Hospital. Parasite development to midgut oocysts and salivary gland sporozoites was assessed on days 7 and 14 post-feeding, respectively. The optimal conditions for mosquito rearing and feeding were evaluated to produce high-quality mosquitoes and to yield a high sporozoite rate, respectively. Results Laboratory-colonized mosquitoes could be starved for a shorter time before successful blood feeding compared with wild-caught mosquitoes. Optimizing the mosquito-rearing methods significantly increased mosquito survival. For mosquito feeding, replacing patient plasma with naïve serum increased sporozoite production > two-fold. With these changes, the sporozoite infection rate was high (> 85%) and resulted in an average of ~ 22,000 sporozoites per mosquito. Some mosquitoes reached up to 73,000 sporozoites. Sporozoite production could not be predicted from gametocyte density but could be predicted by measuring oocyst infection and oocyst load. Conclusions Optimized conditions for the production of high-quality P. vivax sporozoite-infected An. stephensi were established at a field site in South West India. This report describes techniques for producing a ready resource of P. vivax sporozoites. The improved protocols can help in future research on the biology of P. vivax liver stages, including hypnozoites, in India, as well as the development of anti-relapse interventions for vivax malaria.

scholarly journals Reduced susceptibility to selected synthetic pyrethroids in urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi: a case study in Mangalore city, South India

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyanarayan Tiwari ◽  
Susanta K Ghosh ◽  
Vijay P Ojha ◽  
Aditya P Dash ◽  
Kamaraju Raghavendra
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
South India ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Urban Malaria

scholarly journals Astrodaucus persicus as a new source of bioinsectisides against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 896-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saied Goodarzi ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
Mohammad Reza Abai ◽  
Saeed Tavakoli ◽  
Amir Hatamian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi

Does the roof type of a house influence the presence of adult Anopheles stephensi, urban malaria vector? – evidence from a few slum settings in Chennai, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangamithra Ravishankaran ◽  
Aswin Asokan ◽  
N. A. Johnson Amala Justin ◽  
Shalu Thomas ◽  
Vasna Joshua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Urban Malaria

Gut microbes influence fitness and malaria transmission potential of Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi

Acta Tropica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Sharma ◽  
Devender Dhayal ◽  
O.P. Singh ◽  
T. Adak ◽  
Raj K. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Transmission Potential

Chemical Composition and Repellency Effect of Ferulago Angulate Plant Against Malaria Vector, Anopheles Stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Pirmohammadi ◽  
Mansoureh Shayeghi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Abai ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
Sara Rahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Protection Time ◽  
The Mean

Abstract BackgroundMalaria is a health problem globally. There are several vector control measures. Using repellent to protect human from biting of vectors is one of the best ways. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of plant against biting of malaria vector, An.stephensi under laboratory conditions.MethodsChemical constituents of Ferulago angulate plant were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Efficacy and the protection time of plant were evaluated on Anopheles stephensi . ResultsA total of 40 compounds were identified in plant. Flourensiadiol (17.4%) dehydro-sabina keton (13.3%), β-maaliene (8.8%) was the highest in the plant. The mean assessed protection time and efficacy for plant was 60 and 100 minutes respectively. ED50 and ED90 values for this plant were 18.12 and 93.19 µl /cm2 respectively.ConclusionResults showed that plant has an acceptable protection time, therefore, this plant could be considered as a good herbal repellent against anopheles mosquitoes.

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