Convergence within divergence: insights of wheat adaptation from Triticum population sequencing

AbstractBread wheat expanded its habitats from a small core area of the Fertile Crescent to global environments within ∼10,000 years. Genetic mechanisms of this remarkable evolutionary success are not well understood. By whole-genome sequencing of populations from 25 subspecies within genera Triticum and Aegilops, we identified composite introgression from these wild populations contributing 13%∼36% of the bread wheat genome, which tremendously increased the genetic diversity of bread wheat and allowed its divergent adaptation. Meanwhile, convergent adaption to human selection showed 2- to 16-fold enrichment relative to random expectation in Triticum species despite their drastic differences in ploidy levels and growing zones, indicating the vital importance of adaptive constraints in the success of bread wheat. These results showed the genetic necessities of wheat as a global crop and provided new perspectives on leveraging adaptation success across species for crop improvement.

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Virulence of Leaf Rust Physiological Races in Iran From 2010 to 2017

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-19-1340-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 363-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zahra Nemati ◽

Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa ◽

Ali Dadkhodaie ◽

Rahim Mehrabi ◽

Brian J. Steffenson

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Wild Barley ◽

Rust Fungus ◽

Puccinia Triticina ◽

Leaf Rust Resistance ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Single Leaf ◽

Fertile Crescent

The wheat leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina, has widespread geographical distribution in Iran within the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East where wheat was domesticated and P. triticina originated. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify the prevalence and distribution of P. triticina pathotypes in this area. From 2010 to 2017, 241 single-uredinium isolates of P. triticina were purified from 175 collections of P. triticina made from various hosts in 14 provinces of Iran, and they were tested on 20 Thatcher near-isogenic lines carrying single-leaf rust resistance genes. In total, 86 pathotypes were identified, of which the pathotypes FDTTQ, FDKPQ, FDKTQ, and FDTNQ were most prevalent. No virulence for Lr2a was detected, whereas virulence for Lr1 was found only on bread wheat in a few provinces in 2016. Only isolates from durum wheat and wild barley were virulent to Lr28. Although virulence for Lr9, Lr20, and Lr26 was observed in some years, the virulence frequency for these genes was lower than that of the other Lr genes. P. triticina collections from host plants with different ploidy levels or genetically dissimilar backgrounds were grouped individually according to genetic distance. Based on these results, collections from barley, durum wheat, oat, triticale, and wild barley were different from those of bread wheat.

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Novel hypergravity treatment enhances root phenotype and positively influences physio-biochemical parameters in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94771-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Basavalingayya K. Swamy ◽

Ravikumar Hosamani ◽

Malarvizhi Sathasivam ◽

S. S. Chandrashekhar ◽

Uday G. Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Phenotypic Variability ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Physiological Benefits

AbstractHypergravity—an evolutionarily novel environment has been exploited to comprehend the response of living organisms including plants in the context of extra-terrestrial applications. Recently, researchers have shown that hypergravity induces desired phenotypic variability in seedlings. In the present study, we tested the utility of hypergravity as a novel tool in inducing reliable phenotype/s for potential terrestrial crop improvement applications. To investigate, bread wheat seeds (UAS-375 genotype) were subjected to hypergravity treatment (10×g for 12, and 24 h), and evaluated for seedling vigor and plant growth parameters in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. It was also attempted to elucidate the associated biochemical and hormonal changes at different stages of vegetative growth. Resultant data revealed that hypergravity treatment (10×g for 12 h) significantly enhanced root length, root volume, and root biomass in response to hypergravity. The robust seedling growth phenotype may be attributed to increased alpha-amylase and TDH enzyme activities observed in seeds treated with hypergravity. Elevated total chlorophyll content and Rubisco (55 kDa) protein expression across different stages of vegetative growth in response to hypergravity may impart physiological benefits to wheat growth. Further, hypergravity elicited robust endogenous phytohormones dynamics in root signifying altered phenotype/s. Collectively, this study for the first time describes the utility of hypergravity as a novel tool in inducing reliable root phenotype that could be potentially exploited for improving wheat varieties for better water usage management.

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Multivariate analyses of indigenous bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces of Oman

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i6.2713 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 483

Author(s):

Ali Hussain Al Lawati ◽

Saleem Kaseemsaheb Nadaf ◽

Nadiya Abubakar Al Saady ◽

Saleh Ali Al Hinai ◽

Almandhar Almamari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Winter Season ◽

Principal Component ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Improvement Programs ◽

D Values

Oman is endowed with enormous diversity of important food crops that have global significance for food security and has ancient history of cultivation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with its divergent landraces, which are useful in crop improvement. 55 indigenous Omani accessions conserved at the USDA were evaluated in the winter season (November to April) of the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 on loamy soil under sprinklers in augmented design with 5 check varieties in 5 replications following crop husbandry practices as per national recommendations using 9 quantitative (descriptors) and 6 qualitative traits (anthocyanin pigmentation on plant parts). The data on traits were subjected not only for PC values and D values after varimax rotation through Kaiser normalization in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) but also for Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The results indicated that indigenous bread wheat accessions were significantly different (p>0.05) for all the quantitative traits except number of tillers. The multivariate analyses led to formation of four diverse clusters from PCA analyses corresponding to four quadrants of bi-plot graphs and three clusters from AHC analysis corresponding to main clades of dendrogram. The parents were selected from common accessions of distinct clusters in all the multivariate analyses for hybridization for improving characters of growth for higher yield or productivity with pigmentation on one or two plant parts useful for DUS test of varieties. The indigenous bread wheat landraces / accessions were genetically diverse and have potential for use in national crop improvement programs for earliness and higher grain productivity with distinct identification markers.

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Population‐dependent reproducible deviation from natural bread wheat genome in synthetic hexaploid wheat

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1111/tpj.14480 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 100 (4) ◽

pp. 801-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abdulqader Jighly ◽

Reem Joukhadar ◽

Deepmala Sehgal ◽

Sukhwinder Singh ◽

Francis C. Ogbonnaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Hexaploid Wheat ◽

Wheat Genome ◽

Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat ◽

Synthetic Hexaploid ◽

Bread Wheat Genome

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Understanding meiosis and the implications for crop improvement

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp09068 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 575 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jason A. Able ◽

Wayne Crismani ◽

Scott A. Boden

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Plant Kingdom ◽

The Past ◽

Cereal Breeding ◽

Beneficial Traits

Over the past 50 years, the understanding of meiosis has aged like a fine bottle of wine: the complexity is developing but the wine itself is still young. While emphasis in the plant kingdom has been placed on the model diploids Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) and rice (Orzya sativa L.), our research has mainly focussed on the polyploid, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bread wheat is an important food source for nearly two-thirds of the world’s population. While creating new varieties can be achieved using existing or advanced breeding lines, we would also like to introduce beneficial traits from wild related species. However, expanding the use of non-adapted and wild germplasm in cereal breeding programs will depend on the ability to manipulate the cellular process of meiosis. Three important and tightly-regulated events that occur during early meiosis are chromosome pairing, synapsis and recombination. Which key genes control these events in meiosis (and how they do so) remains to be completely answered, particularly in crops such as wheat. Although the majority of published findings are from model organisms including yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, information from the plant kingdom has continued to grow in the past decade at a steady rate. It is with this new knowledge that we ask how meiosis will contribute to the future of cereal breeding. Indeed, how has it already shaped cereal breeding as we know it today?

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Genomic Analysis of Spanish Wheat Landraces Reveals Their Huge Potential for Breeding

10.21203/rs.2.9775/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Pascual ◽

Magdalena Ruiz ◽

Matilde López-Fernández ◽

Helena Pérez-Peña ◽

Elena Benavente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Reference Set ◽

Wheat Landraces

Abstract Background One of the main goals for the XXI century breeding is the development of crop cultivars that can maintain current yields under unfavorable environments. Landraces that have been grown under varied local conditions include genetic diversity that will be essential to achieve this objective. The Center of Plant Genetic Resources of the Spanish Institute for Agriculture Research (CRF-INIA) holds a wide collection of wheat landraces. These accessions, locally adapted to a really wide diversity of eco-climatic conditions, represent a highly valuable material for breeding. However, their efficient use requires an exhaustive genetic characterization. The overall aim of this study was to assess the diversity and population structure of a selected set of 380 Spanish landraces and 52 reference varieties of bread and durum wheat by high-throughput genotyping. Results DArTseq GBS approach generated 10K SNPs and 40K DArT high-quality markers that were mapped against the currently available bread wheat reference genome. The markers with known location were distributed in all the chromosomes, having a relatively well-balanced genome-wide coverage. The genetic analysis showed that Spanish wheat landraces are clustered in different groups, thus representing genetic pools capable to provide different allelic variation. The subspecies had a major impact on the population structure of durum wheat landraces, identifying three different clusters that corresponded to subsps. durum, turgidum and dicoccon. The population structure of bread wheat landraces was more biased by geographic origin. Conclusions The results showed a wider genetic diversity in landraces when compared to a reference set that included commercial varieties, and a higher divergence between landraces and the reference set in durum wheat than in bread wheat. Some genomic regions with patterns of variation that differ between landraces and reference varieties could be detected, pointing out loci under selection during crop improvement that could help to target breeding efforts. The results obtained from this work will be highly valuable for future GWAS analysis.

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Broadening the Genetic Basis for Crop Improvement: Interspecific Hybridization Within and Between Ploidy Levels in Helianthus

Polyploidy and Hybridization for Crop Improvement ◽

10.1201/9781315369259-14 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 208-233

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Hybridization ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Ploidy Levels

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Distribution and characterization of Aegilops cylindrica host from Iran

Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy ◽

10.3329/bjpt.v26i2.44579 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 183-195

Author(s):

Behnam Bakhshi ◽

Mohammad Jaffar Aghaei ◽

Eissa Zarifi ◽

Mohammad Reza Bihamta ◽

Ehsan Mohseni Fard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Chromosome Length ◽

Distribution Centers ◽

Aegilops Cylindrica ◽

North West ◽

Jointed Goatgrass ◽

Fertile Crescent ◽

Karyotypic Variation

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host; 2n = 4x = 28, CcCcDcDc) is a tetraploid remote relative of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L; 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) with two genomes and 28 chromosomes. The diversity center of this species is in the Fertile Crescent and in central Asia and could also be found in many places in Iran. In this experiment, 359 accessions provided by National Plant Gene Bank of Iran (NPGBI) were used. Based on the geographical distribution, the highest distribution of A. cylindrica is found in North, West and North-West regions of Iran. The data on the distribution of A. cylindrica showed that its distribution centers in Iran are more than those reported in the previous studies. Chromosome counting showed that all A. cylindrica accessions are tetraploid (2n=4x=28). Results of factor analysis for nine morphological chromosome traits showed that karyotypic variation within accessions are related to the length of chromosomes and there is difference between the accessions for their total chromosome length, but the karyotype of different accessions are almost the same for the symmetry. Low coefficient of variation in morphological traits as well as symmetric karyotypes of A. cylindrica species observed in this study could lead us to predict that A. cylindrica could be a recently evolved species among the remote relatives of bread wheat.

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The efficacy of Cot-based gene enrichment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genome ◽

10.1139/g05-080 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 1120-1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Didier Lamoureux ◽

Daniel G Peterson ◽

Wanlong Li ◽

John P Fellers ◽

Bikram S Gill

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Aegilops Tauschii ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

D Genome ◽

Genomic Libraries ◽

Gene Space ◽

Fold Enrichment ◽

Gene Enrichment ◽

Fold Reduction

We report the results of a study on the effectiveness of Cot filtration (CF) in the characterization of the gene space of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a large genome species (1C = 16 700 Mb) of tremendous agronomic importance. Using published Cot data as a guide, 2 genomic libraries for hexaploid wheat were constructed from the single-stranded DNA collected at Cot values > 1188 and 1639 M·s. Compared with sequences from a whole genome shotgun library from Aegilops tauschii (the D genome donor of bread wheat), the CF libraries exhibited 13.7-fold enrichment in genes, 5.8-fold enrichment in unknown low-copy sequences, and a 3-fold reduction in repetitive DNA. CF is twice as efficient as methylation filtration at enriching wheat genes. This research suggests that, with improvements, CF will be a highly useful tool in sequencing the gene space of wheat.Key words: gene enrichment, renaturation kinetics, gene-rich regions, bread wheat.

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