scholarly journals Nature of transmission of Covid19 in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushree Roy ◽  
Sayan Kar
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractWe examine available data on the number of individuals infected by the Covid-19 virus, across several different states in India, over the period January 30, 2020 to April 10, 2020. It is found that the growth of the number of infected individuals N(t) can be modeled across different states with a simple linear function N(t) = γ + αt beyond the date when reasonable number of individuals were tested (and when a countrywide lockdown was imposed). The slope α is different for different states. Following recent work by Notari (arxiv:2003.12417), we then consider the dependency of the α for different states on the average maximum and minimum temperatures, the average relative humidity and the population density in each state. It turns out that like other countries, the parameter α, which determines the rate of rise of the number of infected individuals, seems to have a weak correlation with the average maximum temperature of the state. In contrast, any significant variation of α with humidity or minimum temperature seems absent with almost no meaningful correlation. Expectedly, α increases (slightly) with increase in the population density of the states; however, the degree of correlation here too is negligible. These results seem to barely suggest that a natural cause like a hot summer (larger maximum temperatures) may contribute towards reducing the transmission of the virus, though the role of minimum temperature, humidity and population density remains somewhat obscure from the inferences which may be drawn from presently available data.

Influence of season and environment on fertility of goats in a hot-arid environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MELLADO ◽  
C. A. MEZA-HERRERA
Keyword(s):  
Arid Environment ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Breeding Efficiency

Conception rate and prolificacy of dairy and crossbred goats under intensive conditions in an arid environment of northern Mexico (26° 06′ 15′′ N; maximum temperature throughout the year 12–42 °C, mean annual precipitation 186 mm, and RH <40% year-round) were examined with respect to season of mating, ambient temperature and rainfall at mating. The database contained 4194 natural services. Conception of goats inseminated with average maximum ambient temperatures >34 °C was significantly higher (P<0·01) than conception of goats inseminated when the average maximum temperature 3 days before breeding was <34 °C. The warmest season favoured conception rate (70% in spring; P<0·01) as compared to cooler seasons (62% and 64% for summer and autumn, respectively). Conception rate of goats bred when rain was present was 14 percentage points lower (P<0·01) compared to mating with no rain. When maximum temperatures on the day of mating were >34 °C, cooler temperatures 1 to 3 days before or after the day of mating were associated with a significant increase in the number of kids born. When the maximum temperature at mating was >36 °C, prolificacy for goats exposed to higher or lower temperatures 1 day before mating was 1·56 and 1·65, respectively (P<0·05). Similarly, when the maximum temperature at mating was 34–36 °C, prolificacy was higher for goats exposed to cooler temperatures as compared to warmer temperatures 1 day (1·64 v. 1·49; P<0·01) or 3 days (1·63 v. 1·48; P<0·01) after mating, with respect to the temperature on the day of mating. Conclusions were that conception rate was not compromised in non-lactating Alpine, Toggenburg, Granadino and Nubian goats subjected to high environmental temperature in an arid region, but the occurrence of rain at mating depressed breeding efficiency of these animals. Additionally, an increment in litter size is expected with cooler temperatures before or after hot days at time of mating.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL TEMPERATURES IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS USING SPEARMAN’S RHO AND MANN-KENDALL CORRELATION TESTS: THE CASE STUDY OF NIGDE CENTER IN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
M. Cüneyt Bagdatlı ◽  
Yiğitcan Ballı
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Kendall Correlation

This research was conducted to determine soil temperatures in different soil depths in located Turkey’s Anatolia Region in Center of Nigde Province. In the study, the maximum, minimum and average soil temperature values of 10 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm depths observed between 1970-2019 were examined. All soil temperature data were evaluated monthly within the scope of the study. In the study, Mann-Kendall, Sperman's Rho correlation test and Sen's slope method were used.  According to the research result; The average of maximum soil temperatures in 10 cm depth was calculated as 6,8 0C in winter months and 20,7 0C in spring months. The average minimum soil temperature was calculated as 0,3 0C in winter and 5,0 0C in spring Months in long periods Generally, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 10 cm depth. According to the Mann-Kendal facility, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in spring, winter and Summer months except for the months of autumn. Considering the average maximum temperature values in 50 cm; It was calculated as 6,6 °C in winter and 13,6 °C in spring months. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 3,5 0C in winter and 8,3 0C in spring months in long period (50 year, 600 months). In general, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 50 cm soil depth. According to Mann-Kendall and Sperman Rho test, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in all seasons except for autumn months. According to the average maximum temperature values in 100 cm depth; It was calculated as 9,2 0C in winter and 11,5 0C in spring. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 7,1 0C in winter and 8.7 0C in spring months. It has been observed that there is a significant increase trend in the increasing of maximum and minimum soil temperatures of 100 cm soil depth.

scholarly journals Crop Weather Relationships of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Sowing Windows and Hybrids

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
B. H. Dadapeer ◽  
S. Sridhara ◽  
Pradeep Gopakkali
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Lower Variation ◽  
Average Relative Humidity

A field experiment was conducted to know the crop weather relationships under different sowing windows and hybrids in maize at the College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, during Kharif 2015. The experimental site is situated at 14°01 to 14°11 North latitude and 75°401 to 75°421 East longitude with an altitude of 650 meters above mean sea level. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial concept and replicated thrice. There were eight treatment combinations, including four-date of sowing (15th June, 30th June, 15th July and 30th July) and two hybrids (PAC-740 and CP-818). Maize sown on 15th June recorded significantly higher grain yield (7632.57 kg ha-1) as compared to other dates of sowing and among the hybrids, CP-818 (7060.72 kg ha-1) was found superior than PAC-740 (6776.93 kg ha-1). Grain yield had a highly significant positive correlation with weather parameters such as cumulative pan evaporation (0.85**), cumulative solar radiation (0.83**), cumulative rainfall (0.79**) and average relative humidity (0.75**) during silking to maturity stage. The variation in grain yield was primarily affected by average maximum temperature (69%) followed by cumulative sunshine hours (68%) and cumulative pan evaporation (66%) during sowing to maturity and lower variation was observed in average relative humidity (54%) during silking to maturity. From the present findings it can be inferred that sowing maize on June 15th with CP-818 hybrid can be a better option to get higher productivity in southern transition zone of Karnataka.

scholarly journals Agro-metrological investigation of bumper apple productivity in Himachal Pradesh, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Ranbir Singh Rana ◽  
Manmohan Singh ◽  
Ramesh Ramesh ◽  
Aditya Aditya ◽  
Ranu Pathania
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Metrological Investigation ◽  
Bloom Period ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature

The study aimed to investigate the productivity and weather relationship for the apple growing areas of Himachal Pradesh viz., Kalpa, Bhuntar and Shimla in district Kinnaur, Kullu and Shimla, respectively. The results revealed that pre bloom period (November to February) in the year 2009-10 remained cooler. The minimum temperature of 0.4 to 0.9, 1.0 to 1.1°C and 1.9 to 2.2°C and maximum temperature of 6.7, 1.0 to 1.1 and 1.7°C were lower in Shimla, Bhuntar and Kalpa region, respectively compared to 1995-2009.. The maximum temperature for the chill accumulation months of November, December, January and February during 2009-10 showed 13 to 19 per cent lower compared to 1995-2009. The average pre bloom rainfall during 2010 was 39 to 57 per cent higher than 1995-2009 indicating sustainable bloom period. The 3 to 4°C temperature rise during March 2010 (19 to 24°C) as compared to 1995-2009 (16 to 21.4°C) coupled with 52 per cent higher precipitation benefited the crop in profuse flowering and hence good fruit set. The average maximum temperature during the post bloom period (May-June) in 2009-10 was 1°C higher compared to the previous years coupled with 23 per cent higher rainfall resulting in an highest productivity. The highest productivity (8.57 MT/ha) during 2010 which was 58 per cent higher than the previous years can be ascribed due to the favorable low temperature in pre bloom period and increase in the temperature inthe month of March along with adequate rainfall in the bloom and post bloom period.

scholarly journals Climatic Impact on Wheat Production in Terai of Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niranjan Devkota ◽  
Ram Kumar Phuyal
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Impact ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
Net Revenue

This study examines the climatic impact on wheat production in Terai of Nepal. This paper employs a Ricardian cross-sectional approach to estimates the relationship between wheat production and net revenue associated with wheat production in the plain area of Nepal (i.e. Terai) with different temperatures (average, maximum and minimum), precipitation and other traditional inputs like population density, seed, fertilizer, human labour, bullock labour and tractor. By using district level secondary data of 25 years, this study finds significant positive impact of the average and maximum temperature and significant negative impact of the minimum temperature on net revenue and wheat yield of the Terai region. Similarly, precipitation has mixed impacts. With the maximum temperature, increase in precipitation reduces net revenue and wheat yield whereas with average and minimum temperature, precipitation increases wheat yields as well as revenue. Other traditional inputs like population density, seed, manure, human labour and tractor used are positively associated with climatic change and increase net revenue as well as wheat yield whereas fertilizer and bullock used are negatively associated with climatic change and reduce net revenue and wheat yield.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS), Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 1-22

scholarly journals Temperature Changes in Kaski District of Nepal: A Study of Trends (1970-2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad Upadhayaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Temperature Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Climate change is one of the most complex and crucial issues in the world. It has impacted environmental, social, and economic sectors of our planet. Unsurprisingly, Nepal is not immune to climate change. In fact, it is one of the most susceptible countries to climate change. One of the most impacted variables in Nepal due to climate change is the maximum temperature. The rate of change of temperature per year, in Nepal is ever-increasing. This paper examines the temperature trend and how it has affected environmental, social, and economic sustainability of Kaski District in Nepal. The paper utilizes the maximum temperature trend of Kaski District during 1970-2018. The monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). The study is done based on the data obtained from Pokhara Airport and Lumle stations. The paper uses three statistical tools alongside descriptive statistics to analyze the data. First, the Man-Kendall test is used to figure out the trend of temperature. Second, Sen’s slope is used to find the magnitude of a trend. Third, the Time series model has been used for forecasting temperature trends. Finally, SPSS and R software were used to calculate the results. The trend of maximum temperature has been significantly increased in Kaski District. The maximum temperature in Kaski during 1970-2018, recorded, was 24.99°C in 2005 and was closely followed by 24.66°C temperature in 2010. The average maximum temperature during the 1970-2018 period was 23.49°C. The maximum variation of maximum temperature during 1970-2018 was in 1992 with a standard deviation of 5.94°C. The minimum temperature during 1970-2018 was 21.12°C in 1978 and was closely followed by 22.19°C in 1997. There is an increasing trend of maximum temperature in Kaski District. In addition, the trend of maximum temperature is higher and faster after 1998 in Kaski District of Western Nepal during 1970-2018.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Sugarcane Productivity in India: An Econometric Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Cane Productivity ◽  
Sugarcane Productivity ◽  
Average Minimum Temperature

This study provides an understanding for the relationship between climatic factors and sugarcane productivity in India. The main objective of this paper is to estimates the impact of climatic and non-climatic factors on sugarcane productivity. To check the consistency of empirical results, simple linear regression model, Ricardian productivity regression (non-linear) model and Cobb-Douglas production function models are employed. The data set incorporates 390 observations corresponding to thirteen states with panel data for 30 years during 1980 to 2009. These all models include sugarcane productivity as dependent variable. Irrigated area, agriculture labour, consumption of fertilizers, literacy rate, tractors and farm harvest price (at constant level) are considered as explanatory variables. Average rainfall, average maximum and average minimum temperature include as climatic factors to capture the effect of climatic conditions on cane productivity. These climatic factors are incorporate for three weather seasons such as rainy, winter and summer. Empirical results based on Prais Winsten models with panels corrected standard errors (PCSEs) estimation shows that climatic factors i.e. actual rainfall, average maximum and average minimum temperature have a statistically significant impact on sugarcane productivity. The climatic effect for various factors on cane productivity are varies within different seasons. Average maximum temperature in summer and average minimum temperature in rainy season have a negative and statistically significant effect on sugarcane productivity. While, sugarcane productivity positively get affect with increasing average maximum temperature in rainy season and winter seasons. The study concluded that there is non-linear relationship between climatic factors and sugarcane productivity in India.

scholarly journals Effects of Climate Variables on Kala-azar Prevalence at Major Affected Districts in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Amin ◽  
SM Tareq ◽  
SH Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Minimum Temperature

An attempt was made to explore correlation between climate variables and Kala-azar prevalence at four highly affected districts in Bangladesh: Mymensingh, Tangail, Pabna, and Rajshahi. The climate variables included were temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. With the rise of yearly average humidity in Mymensingh, Tangail and Rajshahi districts Kala-azar prevalence was significantly increased and with the rise of yearly total rainfall positive but not significant correlation was observed in Mymensingh,Tangail and Rajshahi. In Mymensingh negative correlation was found with yearly average maximum and minimum temperature. Positive association with yearly total rainfall in Mymensingh, Pabna & Rajshahi and yearly average minimum temperature in Rajshahi and yearly average maximum temperature in Tangail was observed. The prevalence of the disease was found to have negative correlation with yearly average maximum temperature in both Pabna & Rajshahi, yearly average minimum temperature in both Tangail & Pabna and yearly total rainfall in Tangail.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22045 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 79-87 2013

scholarly journals The effect of average temperature on suicide rates in five urban California counties, 1999–⁠2019: an ecological time series analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sierra Cheng ◽  
Rebecca Plouffe ◽  
Stephanie M. Nanos ◽  
Mavra Qamar ◽  
David N. Fisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Average Maximum

Abstract Background Suicide is among the top 10 leading causes of premature morality in the United States and its rates continue to increase. Thus, its prevention has become a salient public health responsibility. Risk factors of suicide transcend the individual and societal level as risk can increase based on climatic variables. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between average temperature and suicide rates in the five most populous counties in California using mortality data from 1999 to 2019. Methods Monthly counts of death by suicide for the five counties of interest were obtained from CDC WONDER. Monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperature were obtained from nCLIMDIV for the same time period. We modelled the association of each temperature variable with suicide rate using negative binomial generalized additive models accounting for the county-specific annual trend and monthly seasonality. Results There were over 38,000 deaths by suicide in California’s five most populous counties between 1999 and 2019. An increase in average temperature of 1 °C corresponded to a 0.82% increase in suicide rate (IRR = 1.0082 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0025–1.0140). Estimated coefficients for maximum temperature (IRR = 1.0069 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0021–1.0117) and minimum temperature (IRR = 1.0088 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0023–1.0153) were similar. Conclusion This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting a causal effect of elevated temperature on suicide. Further investigation into environmental causes of suicide, as well as the biological and societal contexts mediating these relationships, is critical for the development and implementation of new public health interventions to reduce the incidence of suicide, particularly in the face increasing temperatures due to climate change.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Climate Change on Streamflow, Sediment, and Nutrient Load at Watershed Scale

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Prem B. Parajuli ◽  
Avay Risal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Load ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Monthly Streamflow

This study evaluated changes in climatic variable impacts on hydrology and water quality in Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW), Mississippi. Site-specific future time-series precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation data were generated using a stochastic weather generator LARS-WG model. For the generation of climate scenarios, Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 4.5 and 8.5 of Global Circulation Models (GCMs): Hadley Center Global Environmental Model (HadGEM) and EC-EARTH, for three (2021–2040, 2041–2060 and 2061–2080) future climate periods. Analysis of future climate data based on six ground weather stations located within BSRW showed that the minimum temperature ranged from 11.9 °C to 15.9 °C and the maximum temperature ranged from 23.2 °C to 28.3 °C. Similarly, the average daily rainfall ranged from 3.6 mm to 4.3 mm. Analysis of changes in monthly average maximum/minimum temperature showed that January had the maximum increment and July/August had a minimum increment in monthly average temperature. Similarly, maximum increase in monthly average rainfall was observed during May and maximum decrease was observed during September. The average monthly streamflow, sediment, TN, and TP loads under different climate scenarios varied significantly. The change in average TN and TP loads due to climate change were observed to be very high compared to the change in streamflow and sediment load. The monthly average nutrient load under two different RCP scenarios varied greatly from as low as 63% to as high as 184%, compared to the current monthly nutrient load. The change in hydrology and water quality was mainly attributed to changes in surface temperature, precipitation, and stream flow. This study can be useful in the development and implementation of climate change smart management of agricultural watersheds.

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