scholarly journals Temperature Changes in Kaski District of Nepal: A Study of Trends (1970-2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad Upadhayaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Temperature Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Climate change is one of the most complex and crucial issues in the world. It has impacted environmental, social, and economic sectors of our planet. Unsurprisingly, Nepal is not immune to climate change. In fact, it is one of the most susceptible countries to climate change. One of the most impacted variables in Nepal due to climate change is the maximum temperature. The rate of change of temperature per year, in Nepal is ever-increasing. This paper examines the temperature trend and how it has affected environmental, social, and economic sustainability of Kaski District in Nepal. The paper utilizes the maximum temperature trend of Kaski District during 1970-2018. The monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). The study is done based on the data obtained from Pokhara Airport and Lumle stations. The paper uses three statistical tools alongside descriptive statistics to analyze the data. First, the Man-Kendall test is used to figure out the trend of temperature. Second, Sen’s slope is used to find the magnitude of a trend. Third, the Time series model has been used for forecasting temperature trends. Finally, SPSS and R software were used to calculate the results. The trend of maximum temperature has been significantly increased in Kaski District. The maximum temperature in Kaski during 1970-2018, recorded, was 24.99°C in 2005 and was closely followed by 24.66°C temperature in 2010. The average maximum temperature during the 1970-2018 period was 23.49°C. The maximum variation of maximum temperature during 1970-2018 was in 1992 with a standard deviation of 5.94°C. The minimum temperature during 1970-2018 was 21.12°C in 1978 and was closely followed by 22.19°C in 1997. There is an increasing trend of maximum temperature in Kaski District. In addition, the trend of maximum temperature is higher and faster after 1998 in Kaski District of Western Nepal during 1970-2018.

Influence of season and environment on fertility of goats in a hot-arid environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MELLADO ◽  
C. A. MEZA-HERRERA
Keyword(s):  
Arid Environment ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Breeding Efficiency

Conception rate and prolificacy of dairy and crossbred goats under intensive conditions in an arid environment of northern Mexico (26° 06′ 15′′ N; maximum temperature throughout the year 12–42 °C, mean annual precipitation 186 mm, and RH <40% year-round) were examined with respect to season of mating, ambient temperature and rainfall at mating. The database contained 4194 natural services. Conception of goats inseminated with average maximum ambient temperatures >34 °C was significantly higher (P<0·01) than conception of goats inseminated when the average maximum temperature 3 days before breeding was <34 °C. The warmest season favoured conception rate (70% in spring; P<0·01) as compared to cooler seasons (62% and 64% for summer and autumn, respectively). Conception rate of goats bred when rain was present was 14 percentage points lower (P<0·01) compared to mating with no rain. When maximum temperatures on the day of mating were >34 °C, cooler temperatures 1 to 3 days before or after the day of mating were associated with a significant increase in the number of kids born. When the maximum temperature at mating was >36 °C, prolificacy for goats exposed to higher or lower temperatures 1 day before mating was 1·56 and 1·65, respectively (P<0·05). Similarly, when the maximum temperature at mating was 34–36 °C, prolificacy was higher for goats exposed to cooler temperatures as compared to warmer temperatures 1 day (1·64 v. 1·49; P<0·01) or 3 days (1·63 v. 1·48; P<0·01) after mating, with respect to the temperature on the day of mating. Conclusions were that conception rate was not compromised in non-lactating Alpine, Toggenburg, Granadino and Nubian goats subjected to high environmental temperature in an arid region, but the occurrence of rain at mating depressed breeding efficiency of these animals. Additionally, an increment in litter size is expected with cooler temperatures before or after hot days at time of mating.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL TEMPERATURES IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS USING SPEARMAN’S RHO AND MANN-KENDALL CORRELATION TESTS: THE CASE STUDY OF NIGDE CENTER IN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
M. Cüneyt Bagdatlı ◽  
Yiğitcan Ballı
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Kendall Correlation

This research was conducted to determine soil temperatures in different soil depths in located Turkey’s Anatolia Region in Center of Nigde Province. In the study, the maximum, minimum and average soil temperature values of 10 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm depths observed between 1970-2019 were examined. All soil temperature data were evaluated monthly within the scope of the study. In the study, Mann-Kendall, Sperman's Rho correlation test and Sen's slope method were used.  According to the research result; The average of maximum soil temperatures in 10 cm depth was calculated as 6,8 0C in winter months and 20,7 0C in spring months. The average minimum soil temperature was calculated as 0,3 0C in winter and 5,0 0C in spring Months in long periods Generally, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 10 cm depth. According to the Mann-Kendal facility, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in spring, winter and Summer months except for the months of autumn. Considering the average maximum temperature values in 50 cm; It was calculated as 6,6 °C in winter and 13,6 °C in spring months. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 3,5 0C in winter and 8,3 0C in spring months in long period (50 year, 600 months). In general, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 50 cm soil depth. According to Mann-Kendall and Sperman Rho test, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in all seasons except for autumn months. According to the average maximum temperature values in 100 cm depth; It was calculated as 9,2 0C in winter and 11,5 0C in spring. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 7,1 0C in winter and 8.7 0C in spring months. It has been observed that there is a significant increase trend in the increasing of maximum and minimum soil temperatures of 100 cm soil depth.

scholarly journals A Consistent Methodology to Evaluate Temperature and Heat Wave Future Projections for Cities: A Case Study for Lisbon

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Rocha ◽  
Susana C. Pereira ◽  
Carolina Viceto ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Jorge Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Accumulated Temperature

Heat waves are large-scale atmospheric phenomena that may cause heat stress in ecosystems and socio-economic activities. In cities, morbidity and mortality may increase during a heat wave, overloading health and emergency services. In the face of climate change and associated warming, cities need to adapt and mitigate the effects of heat waves. This study suggests a new method to evaluate heat waves’ impacts on cities by considering some aspects of heat waves that are not usually considered in other similar studies. The method devises heat wave quantities that are easy to calculate; it is relevant to assessing their impacts and permits the development of adaptation measures. This study applies the suggested method to quantify various aspects of heat waves in Lisbon for future climate projections considering future mid-term (2046–2065) and long-term (2081–2100) climates under the RCP8.5 greenhouse emission scenario. This is achieved through the analysis of various regional climate simulations performed with the WRF model and an ensemble of EURO-CORDEX models. This allows an estimation of uncertainty and confidence of the projections. To evaluate the climate change properties of heat waves, statistics for future climates are compared to those for a reference recent climate. Simulated temperatures are first bias corrected to minimize the model systematic errors relative to observations. The temperature for mid and long-term futures is expected to increase relative to the present by 1.6 °C and 3.6 °C, respectively, with late summer months registering the highest increases. The number of heat wave days per year will increase on average from 10, in the present climate, to 38 and 63 in mid and long-term climates, respectively. Heat wave duration, intensity, average maximum temperature, and accumulated temperature during a heat wave will also increase. Heat waves account for an annual average of accumulated temperature of 358 °C·day in the present climate, while in the mid and long-term, future climates account for 1270 °C·day and 2078 °C·day, respectively. The largest increases are expected to occur from July to October. Extreme intensity and long-duration heat waves with an average maximum temperature of more than 40 °C are expected to occur in the future climates.

scholarly journals Maximum Temperatures and Heat Waves in Mexicali, Mexico: Trends and Threshold Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S32778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polioptro F. Martínez Austria ◽  
Erick R. Bandala
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The City

Maximum temperature trends and the corresponding heat wave thresholds in the northwestern city of Mexicali, Mexico, were analyzed using historical data from the site. We found that there seems to be an upward trend in temperature in the past decades, along with an increased number of days reaching maximum temperatures considered as heat waves. Despite the difficulty of establishing heat wave parameters, the trends of the analyzed field data clearly show their presence, mainly during July and August. This trend is also supported by the analysis of the number of admissions and casualties registered in hospitals in the city of Mexicali. This work is a warning on the frequency and duration of a very important climate change-related effect capable of jeopardizing the health of the population in the region and requiring more attention by decision makers and stakeholders. It also helps to document observed climate trends, as requested by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Annual Trends in Australian Minimum/Maximum Daily Temperatures

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. van Wijngaarden ◽  
A. Mouraviev
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Trend ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Maximum Daily Temperature ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Annual Trends ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Minimum Daily Temperature

Seasonal and annual trends in Australian minimum and maximum temperatures were studied. Records of daily minimum and maximum temperatures averaged over each month, extending as far back as 1856 were examined. Over 1/2 million monthly temperature values were retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for 299 stations. Each station had an average of 89 years of observations. Significant step discontinuities affected the maximum temperature data in the 19th century when Stevenson screens were installed. The temperature trends were found after such spurious data were removed and averaged over all stations. The resulting trend in the minimum (maximum) daily temperature was 0.67 ± 0.19 (0.58 ± 0.26) oC per century for the period 1907-2014. Decadal fluctuations were evident in the maximum daily temperature with most of the increase occurring in the late 20th century. The minimum and maximum daily temperature trends were also found for the various seasons. The minimum daily temperature trend exceeded the maximum daily temperature trend for all seasons except during June to August. The largest increases in minimum temperature as well as the smallest maximum temperature increases were found for the region north of 30 oS latitude and east of 140 oE longitude. There was also evidence that urban stations had greater increases in maximum daily temperature than those located in a rural environment.

Trends of Climate Change in Some Selected Districts of Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Rajedra Prasad Upadhayaya ◽  
Madhab Prasad Baral
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Temperature Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Global Rate ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Floods And Droughts ◽  
Global Threat

Climate change is a global threat that has particularly strong impacts on countries whose economies are highly dependent on agriculture and still developing--like Nepal. The main objective of this study is to assess the trend of climate change in Gandaki Province, Nepal. This study is based on secondary data. It utilizes the data from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology between 1970- 2018 based on eight districts with 10 different stations ranging from 110m. to 2680m. in Gandaki Province. Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope is used to find the trend. The analyses reveal that trend of maximum temperature is increasing and significant. The maximum temperature trend is 0.08°C/year in monsoon and post-monsoon which is greater than the global rate. The minimum temperature trend is positive and significant and is highest in the monsoon season (0.04°C/year). The trend of the average rainfall sum is insignificant and is positive only in pre-monsoon and negative in other seasons, which indicates erratic rainfall that causes floods and droughts.

scholarly journals Nature of transmission of Covid19 in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushree Roy ◽  
Sayan Kar
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractWe examine available data on the number of individuals infected by the Covid-19 virus, across several different states in India, over the period January 30, 2020 to April 10, 2020. It is found that the growth of the number of infected individuals N(t) can be modeled across different states with a simple linear function N(t) = γ + αt beyond the date when reasonable number of individuals were tested (and when a countrywide lockdown was imposed). The slope α is different for different states. Following recent work by Notari (arxiv:2003.12417), we then consider the dependency of the α for different states on the average maximum and minimum temperatures, the average relative humidity and the population density in each state. It turns out that like other countries, the parameter α, which determines the rate of rise of the number of infected individuals, seems to have a weak correlation with the average maximum temperature of the state. In contrast, any significant variation of α with humidity or minimum temperature seems absent with almost no meaningful correlation. Expectedly, α increases (slightly) with increase in the population density of the states; however, the degree of correlation here too is negligible. These results seem to barely suggest that a natural cause like a hot summer (larger maximum temperatures) may contribute towards reducing the transmission of the virus, though the role of minimum temperature, humidity and population density remains somewhat obscure from the inferences which may be drawn from presently available data.

scholarly journals Perspective Response of Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Crops in Sauraha-Pharsatikar VDC, Rupandehi District, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
Kapil Khanal ◽  
Subodh Khanal ◽  
Surya Mani Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Minimum Temperature

A survey research was conducted in Sauraha-Pharsatikar VDC of the Rupandehi district to study the perspective response of the farming communities on the impacts of the climate change in agricultural crops. Primary information was collected from household survey by administering pre-tested questionnaire and necessary data were collected from National Wheat Research Project (NWRP), Bhairahawa. Several results are obtained on the recall basis of the respondents thus they can not assumed correctly and all the past information provided by the farmers cannot be cross checked due to the lack of sufficient and reliable system for recording and checking. The trend analysis of rainfall data of Bhairahawa of 30 years (1984-2013) showed that the pattern of rainfall was irregular and it was in a decreasing trend by 1.944 mm per year and average maximum temperature has increased by 0.0.15oC and average minimum temperature has increased by 0.0.61oC per year which justifies that the summers are growing hotter and winters are growing warmer. About 52% of the respondents suggested monsoon starts earlier, 85% suggested there is more intense rain during the monsoon and 91.75% suggested drought has increased. 98.33% of the respondents perceived that the summer has become hotter. In general there is increase in the yield of cereal crops whereas the yield of pulses, legumes and vegetables had declined. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(3): 345-355

scholarly journals The climate change influences and trends on the grapevine growing in Southern Romania: A long-term study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
G.M. Bucur ◽  
G.A. Cojocaru ◽  
A.O. Antoce
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Climatic Indices ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature

The topography and pedoclimatic conditions in Romania are diverse and in many places highly favourable for viticulture. In the past 21 years it was observed that the climate slowly changed, with a visible impact on grape quality. The influence of climate change on grape growing depends however on the vineyard location, relief and soil, multiple combination of varieties and rootstocks, water supply, as well as viticultural practices. The influence of the climate change was studied during a long period of time, between 1998 and 2018, in our experimental vineyard at UASVM Bucharest (N Lat.: 44∘47′07′′; E Long.: 26∘076′28′′; elevation 87 m), located in the Southern part of Romania. The observations made during last twenty one years on qualitative and quantitative parameters of the most widespread Romanian grape variety, Fetească regală grafted on the Kober 5 BB rootstock, along with the calculated values for the usual climatic indices describing viticultural climate, showed some significant climate changes in comparison with a reference period between 1961 and 1997 taken from the existent scientific literature. Our observations during past twenty years reveal a trend of increase in all studied temperature-dependent climatic indices during the grape growing season, with a large variation in the absolute minimum temperatures during winter, which suggests a shift towards an increased thermal amplitude between summer and winter temperatures in certain years. Compared with the reference period (1961–1997), an increase in the following temperature-dependent indices was observed: +0.75 ∘C for the average annual temperature; +0.78 ∘C for average temperature in the growing season; +2.37 ∘C for average maximum temperature in the warmest month; +2.11 ∘C for average maximum temperature in the summer; +234 units in Huglin index; + 173 units in Winkler index and +0.35 ∘C in Cool night index. These climate changes bring important variations of grape yield due to the minimum temperatures during winter and significant reduction of total acidity, along with a significant increase of sugar concentration. This study aids to understand and anticipate the rate of climate change in Southern Romania, the extent of the changes in grape quality and the interventions required to maintain constant grape and wine quality.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Food Security of Nepal

2012 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Roshan Kumar Mehta ◽  
Shree Chandra Shah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Water Scarce

The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is widely believed to be causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, and snow cover and aquatic life. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potential to influence agrobiodiversity and its production. An average of 0.04°C/ year and 0.82 mm/year rise in annual average maximum temperature and precipitation respectively from 1975 to 2006 has been recorded in Nepal. Frequent droughts, rise in temperature, shortening of the monsoon season with high intensity rainfall, severe floods, landslides and mixed effects on agricultural biodiversity have been experienced in Nepal due to climatic changes. A survey done in the Chitwan District reveals that lowering of the groundwater table decreases production and that farmers are attracted to grow less water consuming crops during water scarce season. The groundwater table in the study area has lowered nearly one meter from that of 15 years ago as experienced by the farmers. Traditional varieties of rice have been replaced in the last 10 years by modern varieties, and by agricultural crops which demand more water for cultivation. The application of groundwater for irrigation has increased the cost of production and caused severe negative impacts on marginal crop production and agro-biodiversity. It is timely that suitable adaptive measures are identified in order to make Nepalese agriculture more resistant to the adverse impacts of climate change, especially those caused by erratic weather patterns such as the ones experienced recently.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7206 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.59-63

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