scholarly journals Pre-winter fattening and fat loss during wing moult: the annual cycle of fat deposition in captive barnacle geese (branta leucopsis)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Portugal ◽  
Rona A. McGill ◽  
Jonathan A. Green ◽  
Patrick J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Barnacle Geese ◽  
Branta Leucopsis ◽  
Wing Moult ◽  
Winter Fattening

AbstractMany different physiological changes have been observed in wild waterfowl during the flightless stage of wing moult, including a loss of body mass. Previously we established that captive barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) underwent this characteristic decrease in body mass during their wing moult, even though they had unlimited and unrestricted access to food. In the present study we aimed to determine if this body mass loss during moult comprised mainly a reduction in fat stores, and to ascertain if the captive geese undergo pre-migratory and pre-winter fattening over a similar temporal scale to their wild conspecifics. The non-destructive technique of deuterium oxide isotope dilution was employed to provide repeated measurements of estimated fat deposition from a captive flock of fourteen barnacle geese. Birds were injected with deuterium oxide at 7 distinct intervals for one annual cycle. During the flightless period of the moult, body fat decreased by approximately 40% from the pre-moult value. During late-September and early October, body fat reached its highest point in the annual cycle, both as an absolute value and as a percentage of total body mass. We propose that while the energetic cost of wing moult is not the ultimate cause of fat loss in moulting barnacle geese, the approximate 212 g of fat catabolised during moult would provide sufficient energy to cover the cost of the replacement of the flight feathers, estimated to be 6384 kJ, over an approximate 42 day period. We conclude that the previously recorded increase in metabolism during moult in the geese, led to the use of endogenous fat reserves because the birds reduced rather than increased their food intake rates owing to the increased risk of predation when flightless. We also conclude that captive barnacle geese do undergo pre-winter and pre-migratory fattening, providing further evidence of the innate nature of these fat deposition cycles.

scholarly journals The effects of steamed ginger ethanolic extract on weight and body fat loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Hyun Park ◽  
Su-Jin Jung ◽  
Eun-Kyung Choi ◽  
Ki-Chan Ha ◽  
Hyang-Im Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Fat Loss

Abstract Steamed ginger ethanolic extract (SGE) is a product with a high 6-shogaol contents and is thought to be more potent than other ginger products. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the effects of SGE on weight and body fat loss. Eighty healthy obese participants were recruited and randomly divided into the SGE and placebo groups. The outcome measures comprised indicators of efficacy (body weight, body mass index, body composition, and blood markers) and safety. Following the supplementation period, mean body weight, body mass index, and body fat level were significantly lower in the SGE group than in the placebo group. No clinically significant changes were observed for any safety parameter. These results suggest that SGE is a potent anti-obesity agent that does not cause significant side effects. Therefore, SGE supplementation combined with lifestyle modification could be effective in the management of body weight and fat mass.

MEASURES OF BODY FAT AND HYDRATION IN ADOLESCENT BOYS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-239
Author(s):  
Felix P. Heald ◽  
Edward E. Hunt ◽  
Robert Schwartz ◽  
Charles D. Cook ◽  
Orville Elliot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Water ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

A study of total body fat by simultaneously performing a variety of measurements of adiposity on each of 66 adolescent boys is described. Estimates of total body fat by densitometry indicate a 50% loss of body fat's contribution to total body weight from 12 to 18 years. Total body water, as measured by deuterium oxide, increases from 61% at age 12 years to 65% at age 18 years. Fat loss from this measurement closely parallels the fat changes estimated from densitometry. Lean body mass, hydration and adiposity appear to reach adult values at the sixteenth year. Subcutaneous fat measured by soft tissue x-rays films of the arm shows a similar fat loss, and of the same magnitude, when compared to densitometry and total body water estimates of fat. The triceps skinfold has a high correlation in estimating losses in fat during adolescence. The skinfold technique at this site provided a practical and accurate estimate of adiposity in adolescent boys.

scholarly journals Flight feather moult drives minimum daily heart rate in wild geese

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 20180650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Portugal ◽  
Craig. R. White ◽  
Jonathan A. Green ◽  
Patrick J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Heart Rate Data ◽  
Flight Feather ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barnacle Geese ◽  
Wing Moult

Waterfowl undergo an annual simultaneous flight-feather moult that renders them flightless for the duration of the regrowth of the flight feathers. In the wild, this period of flightlessness could restrict the capacity of moulting birds to forage and escape predation. Selection might therefore favour a short moult, but feather growth is constrained and presumably energetically demanding. We therefore tested the hypothesis that for birds that undergo a simultaneous flight-feather moult, this would be the period in the annual cycle with the highest minimum daily heart rates, reflecting these increased energetic demands. Implantable heart rate data loggers were used to record year-round heart rate in six wild barnacle geese ( Branta leucopsis ), a species that undergoes a simultaneous flight-feather moult. The mean minimum daily heart rate was calculated for each individual bird over an 11-month period, and the annual cycle was divided into seasons based on the life-history of the birds. Mean minimum daily heart rate varied significantly between seasons and was significantly elevated during wing moult, to 200 ± 32 beats min −1 , compared to all other seasons of the annual cycle, including both the spring and autumn migrations. The increase in minimum daily heart rate during moult is likely due to feather synthesis, thermoregulation and the reallocation of minerals and protein.

scholarly journals Mice long-term selected for high body mass are more susceptible to body fat deposition in response to a high fat diet due to insufficient increase in heat production

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-646
Author(s):  
M. Derno ◽  
M. Langhammer ◽  
U. Renne ◽  
U. Hennig ◽  
S. Kuhla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
High Body

Abstract. Using a mouse model long-term selected for high body mass (DU6i), we investigated if their higher degree of body fat as compared to unselected controls (DUKsi) was due to a greater fat accumulation, attributable to differences in substrate oxidation in response to a higher fat intake. We measured energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry at the ages of 42 d and 98 d in response to a fat rich diet compared to a standard diet (F, 20 %; C, 5 % fat) introduced at weaning (21 d). The EE to food energy intake ratio (Q) was calculated and uncoupling protein (UCP1) mRNA expression was analysed in brown adipose tissue in male mice of both strains. The F diet increased body and fat mass in DU6i (P<0.05) but not in DUKsi. Energy intake was not influenced by diet in both strains, but EE was lower in DU6i than in controls (P<0.05). In contrast to DU6i, fat oxidation was higher in DUKsi mice fed the F diet until the age of 42 d (P<0.05). At the age of 42 d, the Q value was lower in DU6i, and higher with F diet irrespective of strain. UCP1 mRNA expression was twice as high in DUKsi as in DU6i (P<0.05). Between 42 d and 98 d of age, DU6i mice were more susceptible to body mass gain and fat deposition in response to the F diet due to insufficient increase in fat oxidation and energy expenditure possibly related to lower UCP1 mRNA expression.

scholarly journals Testing the use/disuse hypothesis: pectoral and leg muscle changes in captive barnacle geese Branta leucopsis during wing moult

2009 ◽  
Vol 212 (15) ◽  
pp. 2403-2410 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Portugal ◽  
S. K. S. Thorpe ◽  
J. A. Green ◽  
J. P. Myatt ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Barnacle Geese ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Branta Leucopsis ◽  
Wing Moult ◽  
Muscle Changes

scholarly journals Air temperature and diet influence body composition and water turnover in zoo-living African elephants ( Loxodonta africana )

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 201155
Author(s):  
Herman Pontzer ◽  
Rebecca Rimbach ◽  
Jenny Paltan ◽  
Erin L. Ivory ◽  
Corinne J. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals

African elephants, the largest land animal, face particular physiological challenges in captivity and the wild. Captive elephants can become over- or under-conditioned with inadequate exercise and diet management. Few studies have quantified body composition or water turnover in elephants, and none to date have examined longitudinal responses to changes in diet or air temperature. Using the stable isotope deuterium oxide ( 2 H 2 O), we investigated changes in body mass, estimated fat-free mass (FFM, including fat-free gut content) and body fat in response to a multi-year intervention that reduced dietary energy density for adult African elephants housed at the North Carolina Zoo. We also examined the relationship between air temperature and water turnover. Deuterium dilution and depletion rates were assayed via blood samples and used to calculate body composition and water turnover in two male and three female African elephants at six intervals over a 3-year period. Within the first year after the dietary intervention, there was an increase in overall body mass, a reduction in body fat percentage and an increase in FFM. However, final values of both body fat percentage and FFM were similar to initial values. Water turnover (males: 359 ± 9 l d −1 ; females: 241 ± 28 l d −1 ) was consistent with the allometric scaling of water use in other terrestrial mammals. Water turnover increased with outdoor air temperature. Our study highlights the physiological water dependence of elephants and shows that individuals have to drink every 2–3 days to avoid critical water loss of approximately 10% body mass in hot conditions.

scholarly journals Relationship between body fat, lean body mass and disease severity in AECOPD patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiben Huang ◽  
Jiedong Ma ◽  
Xueting Hu ◽  
Jianing Wang ◽  
Xiaqi Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat
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