Field evaluation of biocontrol agents against black-foot and Petri diseases of grapevine

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBlack-foot and Petri diseases are the main fungal diseases associated with young grapevine decline. Two field experiments were established to evaluate the preventive effect of two potential biocontrol agents (BCAs), i.e. Streptomyces sp. E1 + R4 and Pythium oligandrum Po37, and three BCA-commercial products containing Trichoderma atroviride SC1, Trichoderma koningii TK7 and Pseudomonas fluorescens+Bacillus atrophaeus on fungal infection in grafted plants and plant growth parameters.RESULTSThe effectiveness of some BCA in reducing the incidence and severity of both diseases was dependent on the plant part analyzed and the plant age. No single BCA application was able to control both diseases. Streptomyces sp. E1+R4 were able to reduce significantly black-foot disease infection while P. oligandrum Po37 and Trichoderma spp. were able to reduce significantly Petri disease infection. BCA treatments had no effect on the shoot weight, and root weight was significantly lower in all BCA treatments with respect to the control.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of the disease-suppressive activity of two or more beneficial microbes in a biocontrol preparation is required to prevent infection by black-foot and Petri disease fungi in vineyards.

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Effects of Combined Application of Cow Manure And Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Black Rice

Akta Agrosia ◽

10.31186/aa.21.2.27-32 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 55-60

Author(s):

Marwanto Marwanto ◽

Nasiroh Nasiroh ◽

Bambang G. Mucitro ◽

Merakati Handajaningsih

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

N Uptake ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Root Weight ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Black Rice ◽

Inorganic N ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Shoot Weight

The beneficial effects of manure on soil properties, growth, and crop productivity have promoted its use for replacing the application of N fertilizer. However, it is not well understood to what extent N fertilizer was able to be substituted by cow manure. Accordingly, this pot experiment aimed to compare the effect of inorganic N fertilizer application alone with that of the combined use of inorganic N fertilizer with cow manure based on the same amount of total N on growth parameters, yield attributes, and nitrogen (N) uptake of black rice. The experiment was conducted under a screen house condition in Agriculture Faculty, Bengkulu University located at 15 meters altitude above sea level during the summer season of 2015. There were six treatments viz. T1 = 100% N from urea + 0% N from cow manure (0.52 g N + 0.00 g cow manure) pot-1, T2 = 80% N from urea + 20% N from cow manure (0.42 g N + 9.55 g cow manure) pot-1, T3 = 60% N from urea + 40% N from cow manure (0.31 g N + 19.10 g cow manure) pot-1, T4 = 40% N from urea + 60% N from cow manure (0.21 g N + 28.65 g cow manure) pot-1, T5 = 20% N from urea + 80% N from cow manure (0.10 g N+ 38.20 g cow manure) pot-1, and T6 = 0% N from urea + 100% N from cow manure (0.00 g N + 47.75 g cow manure) pot-1. The amount of inorganic N fertilizer in the form of urea and cow manure applied was calculated based on the recommended rate of 115.00 kg ha-1 for N fertilizer and 10.50 ton ha-1 for cow manure. These treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design and repeated three times. The results showed that the treatments significantly (P ?0.005) affected growth parameters as measured by plant height, the number of leaves, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, yield attributes as determined by the total number of tillers, the total number productive tillers, grain yield per pot, and N uptake. The highest values for all these variables were obtained in the treatment receiving recommended rate of urea only (100% N from urea + 0% N from cow manure as equivalence) and the lowest in the treatment receiving a100% N from cow manure (0% N from urea + 100% N from cow manure). However, combined treatments of cow manure and inorganic N fertilizer such as 80% N from urea + 20% N from cow manure, 60% N from urea + 40% N from cow manure 40% N from urea + 60% N from cow manure showed a parity statistically with the treatment receiving 100% N from urea only in maintaining the values for all these variables. Overall, the combined use of inorganic N fertilizer (urea) and cow manure as an equivalence promoted growth and yield of black rice by improving N uptake. Keywords: integrated nutrient management, soil chemical property, Nitrogen uptake, combined fertilizer application, black rice

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Field evaluation of biocontrol agents against black‐foot and Petri diseases of grapevine

Pest Management Science ◽

10.1002/ps.6064 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

María Pilar Martínez‐Diz ◽

Emilia Díaz‐Losada ◽

Marcos Andrés‐Sodupe ◽

Rebeca Bujanda ◽

María M Maldonado‐González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Evaluation ◽

Biocontrol Agents ◽

Black Foot

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Joint Effects of Acifluorfen Applications and Soybean Thrips (Sericothrips variabilis) Feeding on Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500075597 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 667-670 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Randy M. Huckaba ◽

Harold D. Coble ◽

John W. Van Duyn

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Sodium Salt ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Field Studies ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Root Weight ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Soybean Thrips

Field studies were conducted during 1983 and 1984 to determine the single and interactive effects of trifluralin, soybean thrips, and the sodium salt of acifluorfen on soybean. Increased soybean injury was observed in 1983 when acifluorfen at 0.6 kg ai/ha was applied to soybeans infested with soybean thrips versus plants where soybean thrips were controlled. Soybean injury measured by percent defoliation and visual injury ratings was reduced when thrips were controlled versus soybeans where thrips were not controlled with carbaryl at 0.9 kg ai/ha in 1983. Soybean thrips alone did not reduce soybean seed yield in this study. Acifluorfen reduced soybean photosynthetic rate, shoot weight, root weight, and seed yield. Trifluralin had no effect on soybean growth parameters measured in this study.

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Evaluation of Vineyard Weeds as Potential Hosts of Black-Foot and Petri Disease Pathogens

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-10-0888 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (7) ◽

pp. 803-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

C. Agustí-Brisach ◽

D. Gramaje ◽

M. León ◽

J. García-Jiménez ◽

J. Armengol

Keyword(s):

Weed Species ◽

Convolvulus Arvensis ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽

Sonchus Oleraceus ◽

Petri Disease ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Foot Disease ◽

Black Foot ◽

Black Foot Disease

Weeds were sampled in grapevine rootstock mother fields, open-root field nurseries, and commercial vineyards of Albacete, Alicante, Castellón, Murcia, and Valencia provinces in Spain between June 2009 and June 2010 and evaluated as potential hosts of black-foot and Petri disease pathogens. Isolations were conducted in the root system and internal xylem tissues for black-foot and Petri disease pathogens, respectively. Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum was successfully isolated from the roots of 15 of 19 weed families evaluated and 26 of 52 weed species. Regarding Petri disease pathogens, one isolate of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora was obtained from Convolvulus arvensis, and three isolates of Cadophora luteo-olivacea were obtained from Bidens subalternans, Plantago coronopus, and Sonchus oleraceus. Pathogenicity tests showed that Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum isolates obtained from weeds were able to induce typical black-foot disease symptoms. When inoculated in grapevines, isolates of Cadophora luteo-olivacea and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were also shown to be pathogenic on grapevine cuttings. Our ability to recover grapevine pathogens from vineyard weeds and to demonstrate pathogenicity of recovered strains on grape suggests that these weeds may serve as a source of inoculum for infection of grapevine.

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Effect of EMS induced mutation in rice cultivar Nagina 22 on salinity tolerance

10.1101/2021.08.03.455004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

ARUN SHANKAR ◽

O P Choudhary ◽

Kuldeep Singh

Keyword(s):

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Rice Cultivar ◽

Similar Degree ◽

Root Weight ◽

Induced Mutation ◽

Moderate Salinity ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Mutant Lines

Salinized hydroponic culture experiment with three salinity levels (EC control, 6 and 12 dS/m) was performed to screen salt tolerant mutants of aerobic rice cultivar Nagina 22 and to study the nature of salt tolerance from a total of 432 EMS induced M4 mutants. Plants were harvested 30 days after sowing. Growth parameters viz. root weight, shoot weight, root length, shoot length, Na and K concentrations in shoot and roots were measured. Combined Factor scores of growth parameters was computed by Principle Component Analysis using Minitab software. At EC 12 dS/m 10 mutants out of 432 were able to survive. At moderate salinity, some mutant lines produced higher shoot weight compared to their respective control showing inverse trend and the effectiveness of EMS induced mutation in inducing salinity tolerance to these mutants. At high salinity only10 mutants survived (remained green) up to the time of 30 days harvest. These mutants performed well in terms of overall growth recording 2.1-2.5 times higher factor score and 8-14 times higher shoot weight compared to the N 22 check. One mutant N22-L-1010 almost completely excluded Na at xylem parenchyma level. Two other mutants N22-L-1013 and N22-L-806 maintained Na exclusion compared to the N22 check. N22 check and mutant N22-L-1009 maintained similar degree of Na exclusion though the N22 check died because it cannot maintain adequate K in shoot. We conclude that EMS has induced salinity tolerance in some mutants. The study can be advanced further to characterize the putative mutants through molecular genetics approaches.

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Synergism of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb.) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides plays a major role in citrus dieback

The Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.21162/pakjas/21.399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (04) ◽

pp. 1291-1299

Author(s):

Muhammad Usman Afzal

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Root Weight ◽

Rough Lemon ◽

Tylenchulus Semipenetrans ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Citrus Nematode

Citrus is known as a major fruit due to its high nutritional value and adaptability in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Among diseases, citrus dieback is one of the most threatening diseases in which overall plant growth is reduced. Major causes are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) with 15-35% losses all over the world. Plant material was established adopting sanitary measures in earthen pots (12-inch diameter). Fresh culture of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans was prepared for the inoculation by following the standard procedures. In the first set, rootstocks were inoculated with 200mL of water having spore suspension of C. gloeosporioides while in in the second set, inoculation of T. semipenetrans was done by using 45 mL of water suspension having 2000 freshly hatched juveniles per pot, while at the rate of 1 × 107 spores/mL per plant. In the third set, the interaction of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans was studied by inoculating selected citrus rootstocks by both pathogens. After four months of inoculation, data were recorded on plant disease index (PDI) along with plant growth parameters (root weight, shoot weight, shoot weight, shoot length and number of leaves). Trifoliate orange and cox mandarin hybrid showed resistance against the development of T. semipenetrans while rough lemon, C-35 Citrange and sour orange were found susceptible. There was a significant difference in plant growth parameters between inoculated and healthy plants. Root weight and shoot weight decreased by 8.98g and 11.53g, while root length and shoot length decreased by 7.29cm and 13.5cm respectively as compared to control treatments in most susceptible rootstocks. Per cent Branch Infection (PBI) and per cent Disease Index (PDI) were maximum (71.52, 37) per cent on rough lemon respectively. Results regarding combined inoculation of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans showed that there was a significant difference in plant growth parameters between inoculated and healthy plants. In rough lemon, Root weight and shoot weight decreased by 13.86 and 20.57g respectively in diseased and healthy plants. Root length and shoot length decreased by 8.37 and 20.04cm respectively as compared to control treatments in most susceptible rootstocks. Overall results depicted that inoculation of both pathogens reduced plant growth more severely as compared to their individual application.

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Evaluation of Leaf Extract of Pawpaw (Carica papaya (L.)) in the Control of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in Garden Egg (Solanum melongena (L.))

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i830569 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 44-49

Author(s):

I. Umar ◽

M. B. Aji ◽

A. Haruna

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Nematode Population ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Gall Index ◽

Shoot Weight

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica is one of the most important soil borne pathogen affecting Garden eggplant in Nigeria. The study was conducted in the Screen house of Department of Crop Protection, Modibbo Adama University of Technology in 2013 to evaluate the effect of (Pawpaw) Carica papaya leaf powder for the control of root-knot nematode M. javanica on Garden egg. The experiment consisted of five treatments replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design in the screen house. C. papaya powder at different levels 50 g, 40 g, 30 g, 20 g and control which received no treatment were incorporated into fifteen (15) separate pots of 20cm diameter containing 4 kg sterilized soil. Data collected on plant height (cm), number of leaves, fresh shoot weight (g), fresh root weight, dry root weight (g), gall index and final nematode population. The result indicated that Garden eggplant amended with 50 g C. papaya recorded higher growth parameters, plant height (33.75 cm), number of leaves (29.00), fresh shoot weight (145.40 g), gall index (1.33) and the least final nematode population (160.50), whereas the control recorded the least growth parameters, plant height (10.20cm), number of leaves (9.33), fresh shoot weight (9.76 g) and highest gall index (5.0) and final nematode population (1063.87). It can then concluded that Carica papaya powder when used as an amendment was effective in controlling M. javanica in garden egg under screenhouse and has the potential for use as a nematicide in the future. This study recommends that C. papaya leaf powder should be put to field trials to ascertain its efficacy in controlling M. javanica on garden egg.

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EFFECT OF CONTAINER TYPE AND GROWING MEDIA ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH PARAMETERS AT NURSERY STAGE IN ALLEPO PINE IN KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v24i2pp211-217 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

AMERJEET SINGH ◽

MOHIT HUSAIN ◽

SYED ROUHULLAH ALI

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Weight ◽

Fresh Biomass ◽

Growing Medium ◽

Collar Diameter ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Allepo Pine

The present investigation on Allepo pine indicated that container type exert significant influence on germination and seedling growth parameters. Root trainer 300 cc (C3) raised seedlings exhibited maximum plant per cent (70.00), plant height (16.27 cm), collar diameter (1.90 mm), root dry weight (0.21 g), shoot dry weight (0.42 g), shoot root ratio (2.34) and total fresh biomass (1.37 g) per seedling variation in seedling growth parameters in different containers can be attributed to the size and type of the containers. The minimum values in all these parameters were observed in seedlings raised in polytubling of size 150 cc (C4). Besides other seedling growth parameters, the poly bag of different size raised seedlings have shown slightly lower values for plant height, collar diameter and total biomass. Among growing media, forest soil: sand: FYM: dalweed (1:2:3:3) resulted in significantly highest plant per cent (67.97), plant height (15.03 cm), collar diameter (1.93 mm), dry root weight (0.22 g), dry shoot weight (0.44 g), shoot root ratio (2.47) and total fresh biomass (1.42 g) in the seedlings under nursery condition. The study also reveal that growing medium exert significant influence on germination and seedling growth parameters in Allepo pine. The data in Table 01 to 03 indicated significantly high germination (67.97%) and seedling growth parameters like plant height (15.03 cm), collar diameter (1.93 mm), dry root weight (0.22 g), dry shoot weight (0.44 g), shoot root ratio (2.47), and total fresh biomass (1.42 g) when seedlings were raised in growing medium of soil: sand: FYM: dalweed in the ratio of 1:2:3:3 (M3). The better growth of seedlings raised in potting mixture M3 may be attributed to the fact that more nitrogen from the FYM as a component of potting mixture having the better decomposition rate leading to the narrower C:N ratio. .

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Effects of inoculation method and size of Rhizobium meliloti population in the soil on nodulation of alfalfa

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss92-006 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 57-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Wendell A. Rice ◽

Perry E. Olsen

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Indigenous Population ◽

Rhizobium Meliloti ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Root Weight ◽

Nodule Occupancy ◽

Ph Tolerance ◽

Inoculant Strain ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Inoculation Treatment

Field experiments were conducted with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Peace’) planted on a Black Solod (Landry CL) with pH 5.8 in 3 consecutive years. The same experiment was conducted at two adjacent sites in each year. The population of Rhizobium meliloti in the soil was modified at one site by applying and incorporating a suspension of an indigenous isolate to increase the size to 105 g−1. The other site was on unamended soil with a normal indigenous population of less than 102 g−1. Granular inoculant was applied with the seed or below the seed, or, granular or liquid inoculant was applied beside the row after stand establishment. The soil-placed inoculant treatments were compared with an uninoculated control and a standard seed-applied inoculation treatment. All inoculants were prepared with Rhizobium meliloti NRG-61 which had been selected for low-pH tolerance. Root weight, shoot weight, nodule weight, nodule numbers and strain occupancy of nodules were measured in September of the establishment year and again the following June. Granular inoculant applied with or below the seed resulted in greater nodule weights, nodule numbers and percent nodule occupancy at both sites. Granular inoculant applied with or below the seed was more effective at the site with the normal indigenous population of R. meliloti than at the site with the modified population. When granular inoculants were applied, nodule weights were lower on the site with the modified indigenous population than on the soil with the normal indigenous population. Granular inoculants resulted in significant yield increases over the standard seed-applied inoculant only at the site with the normal indigenous population. There were no substantial differences between the sites in the proportion of nodules occupied by the inoculant strain. These results show that strain occupancy measurements do not necessarily reflect the beneficial effect of inoculation. Key words: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), granular inoculant, Rhizobium inoculant, seed inoculant, soil inoculant

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Evaluation of Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Isolates for Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita, Root-Knot Nematode of Tomato

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n5p70 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 70 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Nazir Uddin ◽

Saifullah Saifullah ◽

Musharaf Ahmad ◽

Wajid Khan ◽

Bilal Muhammad Khan

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Root Weight ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Pochonia Chlamydosporia ◽

Second Stage ◽

Culture Filtrates ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Summer Crop

Restricted applications of chemical nematicides has directed to the development of ecofriendly alternatives. Culture filtrates in different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the six isolates of Pochonia chlamydosporia were evaluated for their nematicidal activity. Significant variations were observed in the inhibitory activity of culture filtrates against egg hatching and second stage juveniles of M. incognita at different concentrations. The culture extract of PC-6 showed maximum inhibition of egg hatching followed by PC-1. On the other hand PC1 isolate caused high mortality of second stage juveniles followed by PC-6. Significant variation among the isolates was observed for parasitism of M. incognita juveniles and eggs. Among the tested isolates, PC-1 and PC-6 were selected for the further studies based on in vitro egg inhibition and larval mortality. Both PC1 and PC6 applied at the rate of 6 × 103 chlamydospores per gram of soil per plant reduced the population of nematode and improved the growth and productivity of plant under screen house and field conditions. Different growth parameters like plant height, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, fresh root weight and dry root weight were measured. Efficacy of isolates was different in winter and summer crop. No significant difference among the treatments was observed in summer crop. However in winter crop, considerable effect of both isolates was observed. Fungal application was effective at the rate of 6 × 103 chlamydospores per gram of soil per plant in both winter and summer crops. Root coating with chlamydospores suspension significantly reduced number of galls on roots. Little effect of both isolates was observed with mycelial root coating. No lesions were seen on P. chlamydosporia inoculated roots of tomato plants.

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