scholarly journals Effect of chlorination and pressure flushing of drippers fed by reclaimed wastewater on biofouling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kévin Lequette ◽  
Nassim Ait-Mouheb ◽  
Nicolas Adam ◽  
Marine Muffat-Jeandet ◽  
Valérie Bru-Adan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
List Type ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Labyrinth Channel ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDripper clogging reduces the performance and service life of a drip irrigation system. The impact of chlorination (1.5 ppm of free chlorine during 1 h application) and pressure flushing (0.18 MPa) on the biofouling of non-pressure-compensating drippers fed by real reclaimed wastewater was studied at lab scale using Optical Coherence Tomography. The effect of these treatments on microbial composition (bacteria and eukaryotes) was also investigated by High-throughput DNA sequencing. Biofouling was mainly observed in inlet, outlet and return areas of the drippers. Chlorination limited biofilm development mainly in the mainstream of the milli-labyrinth channel. It was more efficient when combined with pressure flushing. Moreover, chlorination was more efficient in maintaining the water distribution uniformity. It reduced the bacterial concentration and the diversity of the dripper biofilms compared to the pressure flushing method. This method strongly modified the microbial communities, promoting chlorine-resistant bacteria such as Comamonadaceae or Azospira. Inversely, several bacterial groups were identified as sensitive to chlorination such as Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes. Nevertheless, one month after stopping the treatments the bacterial diversity re-increased and the chlorine-sensitive bacteria such as Chloroflexi phylum and the Saprospiraceae, Spirochaetaceae, Christensenellaceae and Hydrogenophilaceae families re-emerged with the growth of biofouling, highlighting the resilience of the bacteria from drippers. Based on PCoA analyses, the structure of the communities still clustered separately from never-chlorinated drippers, showing that the effect of chlorination was still present one month after stopping the treatment.HighlightsThe fouling of drippers is a bottleneck for drip irrigation using reclaimed wastewaterBiofouling was lowest when chlorination was combined with pressure flushingThe β-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes contain chlorine resistant bacteriaThe decrease of Chloroflexi by chlorination was transitoryThe bacterial community was resilient after the interruption of cleaning events

scholarly journals Effect of Pulse Drip Irrigation Duration on Water Distribution Uniformity

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2276
Author(s):  
David Lozano ◽  
Natividad Ruiz ◽  
Rafael Baeza ◽  
Juana I. Contreras ◽  
Pedro Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

Developing an appropriate irrigation schedule is essential in order to save water while at the same time maintaining high crop yields. The standard procedures of the field evaluation of distribution uniformity do not take into account the effects of the filling and emptying phases of the irrigation system. We hypothesized that, in sloping sandy soils, when short drip irrigation pulses are applied it is important to take into account the total water applied from the beginning of irrigation until the emptying of the irrigation system. To compute distribution uniformity, we sought to characterize the filling, stable pressure, and emptying phases of a standard strawberry irrigation system. We found that the shorter the time of the irrigation pulse, the worse the distribution uniformity and the potential application efficiency or zero deficit are. This effect occurs because as the volume of water applied during filling and emptying phases increases, the values of the irrigation performance indicators decrease. Including filling and emptying phases as causes of non-uniformity has practical implications for the management of drip irrigation systems in sloping sandy soils.

scholarly journals Legionella pneumophila infection and antibiotic treatment engenders a highly disturbed pulmonary microbiome with decreased microbial diversity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas ◽  
Christophe Ginevra ◽  
Christophe Rusniok ◽  
Sophie Jarraud ◽  
Carmen Buchrieser
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Healthy Lung

ABSTRACTBackgroundLung microbiome analyses have shown that the healthy lung is not sterile but it is colonized like other body sites by bacteria, fungi and viruses. However, little is known about the microbial composition of the lung microbiome during infectious diseases such as pneumonia and how it evolves during antibiotic therapy. To better understand the impact of the composition of the pulmonary microbiome on severity and outcome of pneumonia we analysed the composition and evolution of the human lung microbiome during pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila.ResultsWe collected 10 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from three patients during long-term hospitalisation due to severe pneumonia and performed a longitudinal in-depth study of the composition of their lung microbiome by high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (bacteria and archaea), ITS region (fungi) and 18S rRNA gene (eukaryotes). We found that the composition of the bacterial lung microbiome during pneumonia is hugely disturbed containing a very high percentage of the pathogen, a very low bacterial diversity, and an increased presence of opportunistic microorganisms such as species belonging to Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae. The microbiome of antibiotic treated patients cured from pneumonia represented a different perturbation state with a higher abundance of resistant bacteria (mainly Firmicutes) and a significantly different bacterial composition as that found in healthy individuals. In contrast, the mycobiome remains more stable during pneumonia and antimicrobial therapy. Interestingly we identified possible cooperation within and between both communities. Furthermore, archaea (Methanobrevibacter) and protozoa (Acanthamoeba and Trichomonas) were detected.ConclusionsBacterial pneumonia leads to a collapse of the healthy microbiome and a strongly disturbed bacterial composition of the pulmonary microbiome that is dominated by the pathogen. Antibiotic treatment allows some bacteria to regrow or recolonize the lungs but the restoration of a healthy lung microbiome composition is only regained a certain time after the antibiotic treatment. Archaea and protozoa should also be considered, as they might be important but yet overseen members of the lung microbiome. Interactions between the micro- and the mycobiome might play a role in the restoration of the microbiome and the clinical evolution of the disease.

scholarly journals Head and lateral length on water distribution uniformity of a PVC drip irrigation system

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (30) ◽  
pp. 2298-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans ASENSO ◽  
Jiuhao LI ◽  
Hai-Bo CHEN ◽  
Emmanuel OFORI ◽  
Fuseini ISSAKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Lateral Length

Implementasi Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) pada Sistem Irigasi Lahan Tadah Hujan

Kilat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-348
Author(s):  
Abdul Haris ◽  
Trisma Juwita ◽  
Rosida Nur Aziza ◽  
Hengki Sikumbang ◽  
Riki Ruli A. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Ant Colony Optimization ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
Soil Dryness ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this research is to produce an optimal water distribution system for irrigation of rainfed land. The problem with conventional irrigation systems is that the water distribution process cannot be controlled and monitored automatically and in real time. The impact on water distribution becomes ineffective. The implementation of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is used in research as a method to determine the location or node based on the pheromone pattern of the soil dryness level at the sprinkler nodes to be distributed by the water flow, taking into account the criteria level on the soil as a trend of probability values ​​and determining the nodes according to the needs in the flow water. The results obtained from this study indicate that the data displayed is the level of dryness of each node, the volume of water in the reservoir, and the flow of water flowing. The ACO test shows the sequence of nodes that will be passed after the optimization process of water distribution in a rainfed irrigation system using the ACO method gets an error value calculated by the MAPE method of 43% so that it gets an accuracy value of 57%.

Yield, quality, nutrient and water use efficiency of tomato as affected by different fertigation rates through drip irrigation system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankush . ◽  
S.K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Urea Phosphate ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
The Impact

An experiment was carried out to study the impact of drip fertigation in tomato crop at RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur during rabi season 2015-16 in split plot designed with three irrigation schedules [100 (I1), 75 (I2) and 50% PE (I3) through drip] and five fertilization schedules [100% RDF (F1), 75% RDF (F2), 75% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F3), 50% RDF (F4), 50% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F5)]. Higher number of nodes per plant (21.20 and 19.89) and yield (169.03 and 186.38 q/ha) were registered with treatments receiving drip irrigation at 75% PE and 75% RDF through fertigation + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate, respectively. Quality characteristics were enhanced with combined use of I2F3 treatment. The highest water use efficiency i.e. 26.37 ka/ha-cm was recorded under I3F3 treatment and fertilizer use efficiency with I2F5 treatment combination (165.78, 254.31 and 381.46 kg/kg NPK, respectively). 

scholarly journals Impact of Lined Canal on Shallow Tubewell Irrigation and Their Acceptability by the Farmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Abu Sayed ◽  
A F M Saleh ◽  
Md. Altaf Hossain ◽  
Zobayer Ali Basunia ◽  
Md. Afzal Hosain
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Irrigation Time ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Conveyance Losses

The comparative conveyance losses between lined and unlined canals, impact of water saving on command area development and irrigation cost, and farmers’ acceptability of lined canal in shallow tubewell (STW) irrigation schemes were studied during 2010-11 Boro season at three upazilas: Manikgonj Sadar of Manikgonj district, Dhamrai of Dhaka district and Mithapukur of Rangpur district. The conveyance loss was measured using inflow-outflow method and focus group discussion (FGD) was carried out with the pump owners and farmers to assess the impact of water saving on command area development and the acceptability of lined canal technology. Average conveyance losses were found to be 41, 48 and 45% in the existing earthen canals; 18, 21 and 24% in improved earthen canals; and 12, 11 and 13% in pre-cast canals at Mithapukur (M1), Manikgonj Sadar (M2) and Dhamrai (D) schemes, respectively. The water saving did not increase the command area in any of the schemes but reduced the irrigation time and saved fuel requirement for irrigation. On an average, 32, 23 and 30% fuel were saved by improved earthen canals where as 45, 46 and 48% were saved by pre-cast canals for M1, M2 and D schemes compared to earthen canal. The benefit-cost ratios of improved earthen canals were 1.36, 1.38 and 1.30 where as 3.36, 4.28 and 3.34 by pre-cast canals for M1, M2 and D schemes, respectively. The internal rate of return (IRR) from the investment on water distribution was over 50%. The lining technology was acceptable to pump owners, but did not impress the farmers who share the crop with the pump owners as price of irrigation or pay on the basis of irrigated area. In order to make the technology acceptable to the farmers, polices must be framed to share the benefits of lining by the pump owners with the farmers by reducing the price of irrigation water or through financial support of GO and NGOs for efficient use of STW irrigation system in Bangladesh.The Agriculturists 2014; 12(2) 116-125

scholarly journals Effect Of Organic Fertilizer and Emitter Type on The Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea Var Italica)With Evaluation of The Drip Irrigation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012071
Author(s):  
Hayat I. Mohammed ◽  
Harith B. Abdul Rahman ◽  
Hussain T. Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The experiment was conducted in field during the season 2020-2021 at The Al-sayade Research Station of the College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk, and aimed to study the impact of three types of organic fertilization (without fertilization, sheep fertilizer, organic fertilizer), and three types of Emitter (GR, Turbo, Spiral ) and the interaction between them in the growth and yield of Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea Var.italica ) and the evaluation of the Drip Irrigation System. A factorial experiment was carried out according split split – plot design of the Random Complete Block Design R.C.B.D and obtained data was statistical analyzed by using SAS system and Duncan multi –Range test at the probability level of %5 used to compared among the mean of treatment. The results showed that organic fertilization of sheep fertilizer gave a significant increase in the height of the plant 66.27 cm. The H (250g.d-1 in four stages) fertilizer adding showed a significantly Superiority for traits of the yield of plant and total yield of plant (902.84 g plant-1 and 45.142 ton ha-1, respectively). However, the treatment without fertilization has given a significant increase of total chlorophyll ratio to 25.44 mg. g-1.Turboemitter recorded a significant increase in the height of the plant 67.233cm. whereas, the GR emitter showed a significant increase the total chlorophyll ratio by 25.830mg g-1and superior in percentage of dry material in main head recorded by %12.694. The interaction between H fertilizer and Turbo emitter, had significantly differences of the most of the qualities traits were studied. When evaluating the drip irrigation system, it noted the superiority of the GR emitter treatement was gave the lowest plants the Coefficient of Variation 0.051 % with the highest absolute field emission uniformity reach to 98.84%, the highest efficient water distribution with 98.08% and the lowest water consumption 43.17mm.

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