Determination of Irrigation Time Using Plant Water Stress Index Values of Second Crop Sunflower in Semi-Arid Climate Conditions

This study was carried out in 2020 to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) by using infrared thermometer (IRT) data calculated by leaf canopy temperature measurements of the second crop sunflower genotype in semi-arid climate conditions, and to determine the relationships between irrigation time, seed yield of sunflower plant and CWSI by using these index values. Irrigation program consisted of a full irrigation and 2 different levels of stress, which were 100% (I100), 70% (I70), 35% (I35) of water losses within the effective root depth of 90 cm every 7 days. A total of 644 mm of irrigation water was applied to I100 (control) irrigation. The water consumption for full irrigation was 721 mm and the yield was 3516.00 kg/ha. Lower limit (LL) value without water stress required to determine plant water stress index was Tc-Ta=-2.528×VPD +0.749 (R2=0.814) and upper limit (UL) value, where the plant is completely under water stress, was determined as +3.27℃. Crop water stress index value threshold at which sunflower seed yield started to decrease was calculated as 0.33 using the infrared thermometer measurements at the time of irrigation. In addition, a negative correlation was obtained between sunflower seed yield and CWSI values. The results revealed that the yield tends to decrease as the CWSI increases.

Yield and vivipary of pecan nut (Carya illinoinensis[Wangenh.] K. Koch) in relation to soil moisture

Introduction: Viviparity in pecan nut (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) has increased considerably. This genetic-environmental phenomenon can be controlled with soil moisture management and other quality variables.Objective: To determine the effect of soil moisture content on yield, nut size, kernel percentage and germinated nut on the tree.Materials and methods: Forty-year-old pecan nut trees were irrigated by 40 emitters with an output of 3.2 L∙h-1. From the phenological stage of shell hardening, irrigation time was 4, 6 and 8 h, corresponding to moisture levels of 0.257, 0.327 and 0.380 m3 of water per m3 of soil, at depths of 40 to 80 cm. Yield per tree, germinated nut percentage, fruit size and kernel percentage were evaluated during the production cycles of 2016 and 2017 production cycles.Results and discussion: During the two production cycles, when soil moisture level increased from 0.257 to 0.380 m3∙m-3, nut yield per tree, fruit length and diameter, and kernel percentage increased on average 23.8 %, 25.3 and 10 %, and 1.8 %, respectively; however, vivipary increased 11.2 %, which was reflected in the decrease of commercial pecan nut percentage. Treatments 0.327 and 0.380 m3∙m-3 had a similar effect (P > 0.05) on these variables.Conclusions: The lower moisture level (0.257 m3∙m-3), starting at the kernel filling stage, decreased vivipary and increased commercial kernel percentage.

Methodological Advances in the Design of Photovoltaic Irrigation

In this study, an algorithm has been developed that manages photovoltaic solar energy in such a manner that all generated power is delivered to the system formed by a pump and irrigation network with compensated emitters. The algorithm is based on the daily work matrix that is updated daily by considering water and energy balances. The algorithm determines an irrigation priority for the sectors of irrigation of the farm based on programmed irrigation time and water deficits in the soil and synchronises the energy produced with the energy requirement of the hydraulic system according to the priority set for each day, obtaining the combinations of irrigation sectors appropriate to the photovoltaic power available. It takes into account the increment/decrease in the pressure of the water distribution network in response to increases/decreases in photovoltaic energy by increasing/decreasing the rotational speed of the pump, thus increasing/decreasing the power transferred to the system. The application to a real case of a 10-hectare farm divided into four sectors implies an efficient use of the energy of 26.15% per year and savings in CO2 emissions of 6.29 tonnes per year.

Therapeutic Effect Analysis of Plasma Bipolar Intelligent Electrotonic for Cystostomy in the Treatment of Senile Prostatic Hyperplasia

To solve prostatic hyperplasia in the elderly, a method of cystostomy with plasma bipolar resection was proposed. From January 2019 to March 2020, 42 patients with BPH who needed surgical treatment in the urological department were selected. Cystostomy was performed in bipolar TURP. The cystostomy group and robot group were divided into two groups. The surgical safety, surgical efficiency, complications, and nursing time between the two groups were compared. The results showed that the experimental and control groups’ RUV values were significantly lower than those before surgery. In comparison, the Qmax value was considerably higher than that before surgery. The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ), suggesting that the cystostomy group in bipolar TURP had more substantial improvement of dysuria, better recovery of detrusor function, and better prognosis. It was proved that, for BPH below 80 g, cystostomy could reduce the operation time, bladder irrigation time, catheter indwelling time, and postoperative hospital stay, improve the operation efficiency, and have the same effect on patients’ symptoms improvement, more excellent psychological support, and higher quality of life score. It is proved that plasma bipolar resection combined with cystostomy can effectively improve annual BPH surgery.

Electronic control of water resources using smart field irrigation systems

<span>Most </span><span>of the research </span><span>showed that the reason behind the agricultural lesions is the over usage of water in irrigation the matter which cause the appearance of fungicide on plants and salinity of the soil. From this point emerged the need for adapt some systems to work in farms in order to reduces the expenses of the product, improve its quality and lessen the consumption of water. Internet webs have been a preceding means in such a scope; and they also showed flexibility in designing such systems. In this paper; a smart irrigation system that depend on the values of moisture content and the agricultural constants (Feld Capacity, Wilt Point of the plant, Bulk Density</span><span>, Depth of the root of the plant, the consumption of each water dripper and the passing area) in making the decision of irrigation and running the water pump, depending on the quantity of water to be added and the duration of irrigation time,</span><span> and it is better. Field humidity levels at 0.32</span><span>. This system was built by using the microcontroller ESP-32S&amp;ESP8266 and moister sensor. The data was uploaded to Adafruit server for the sake of remote monitoring by MQTT protocol.</span>

Bipolar TURP in high-risk patients with large prostate gland: our experience

Background: The present gold standard monopolar-TURP is associated with a number of complications and has less safety margin in comorbid patients. Bipolar TURP is a modification of conventional M-TURP and has the potential to overcome its most prominent shortcomings with better safety profile in patients with comorbidities. Aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of bipolar-TURP in terms of operative and postoperative parameters.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of urology SKIMS Srinagar, from April-2019 to October 2020. Forty-five patients with one or more comorbidities and BHP, with a prostate weight ≥60 gm was evaluated. Operative and postoperative parameters were recorded and patients followed with IPSS and uroflowmetry for a period of 6-months.Results: Of 45 patients who underwent B-TURP, pre-operative parameters were mean age(years) 66.59±9.88, mean prostate size (gm) 77.42±18.4, mean IPSS of 26.3±2.9, mean serum PSA (ng/dl) of 2.32±0.88, mean Qmax (ml/s)of 7.71±2.41 and PVRU of 113.45±16.5 ml. Operative and post-operative parameters were, mean operative time(min) of 68.14±29.6, TUR syndrome in none, mean change in Na+ of -0.98±0.75 meq/l, mean change in Hb of -1.66±0.68 g/dL, mean irrigation time (hours) 24.53±5.46, clot retention in 3 (6.66%) patients, transfusion in 2 (4.44%) patients, mean postoperative catheter time(hours) 69.5±10.5 and mean hospital stay 3.6±1.61 days. Two (4.44%) patients developed stricture urethra and were managed with urethral dilatation. IPSS and Qmax at 6-weeks were 10.2±2.18 and 16.22±2.31 ml and at 6-months were 6.43±1.16 and 19.12±3.14 ml respectively.Conclusions: B-TURP seems to be a more sensible choice for patients with underlying comorbidities or implanted cardiac devices.

Optimisation of fertigation scheduling based on indicators of soil water status in melon growing in semi-arid areas

&lt;p&gt;In water scarcity areas, it is necessary not only reducing the water applied as much as possible, but also optimizing nutrients application to avoid soil salinization and aquifers pollution because of leaching bellow the root zone. Increasing the sustainability of fertirrigation needs technology to adjust the irrigation time, knowing more precisely the soil water retention capacity and facilitate water absorption by the crop. The aim of this trial was to establish protocols for sustainable fertirrigation in melon crop under semi-arid conditions, both at an environmental and economic level, based on the use of soil water status indicators measured by sensors that allow us to increase the irrigation water use efficiency. Two irrigation treatments were established: i) Control (CTL), irrigated to satisfy the water requirements of the crop, according to the farmer's criterion throughout the crop cycle and ii) DI, deficit irrigation, irrigated to allow a maximum soil water depletion of 20%, with respect to field capacity throughout the crop cycle, from sensors located below the 20 cm depth horizon, in order to limit water leaching into the soil. An experimental design was established with 4 repetitions per treatment distributed at random, with 5 plants per repetition. Macro and micronutrients concentration of soil solution, leaves and fruits were analysed. The crop water status was determined fortnightly by measurements taken at solar midday of stem water potential, net photosynthesis, evapotranspiration rate and leaf conductance. Whereas photosynthetically active radiation absorption, basal stem and fruit equatorial diameters were determined to estimate plant and fruit growth. The physical (longitudinal and equatorial fruit diameters, fruit weight, pulp width and firmness) and chemical (titratable acidity, pH and total soluble solid of the juice, total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and total ascorbic acid) characteristics of harvested fruits were determined. Total water applied in CTL treatment was 3,254 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; throughout the crop cycle whereas DI received 2,284 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, a 29.8% lower. In both cases, the volume of water applied was lower than recommended by FAO. The regulation of the irrigation time in the DI treatment respect to the CTL promoted a reduction of the soil water content from 30 cm depth, mitigating the water loss below the root system, along with a lower contribution of nutrients, around of 43, 41.8 and 22% of N, P and K, respectively, and less salinization of the soil profile. No significant difference between treatments was detected in the concentration of these nutrients at leaf level. No difference was observed at harvest, with 0.53 and 0.59 g fruit g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; total dry mass of harvest index in CTL and DI, respectively. Fruit quality was not negatively affected in DI but improved since ascorbic acid was higher. This means that DI treatment not only did not negatively affect the crop water status and the amount and quality of the yield, but also improved its biochemical quality while reducing water and nutrients use and leaching.&lt;/p&gt;

Technological solutions for environmentally friendly irrigation with wide-coverage sprinklers for soils with poor water permeability

The article considers the possibilities of fractional, differentiated delivery of irrigation rates, operating mode and movement of wide-coverage sprinkler machines of circular and frontal action. The need is to ensure the coordination of the irrigation e with the level of moisture reserves of the field sections for frontal displacement machines and sectors for circular machines during the entire irrigation time, reducing the environmental load on the soil and maintaining fertility.

Kajian Waktu Irigasi pada Tanaman Selada (Lactuva Sativa) Organik Untuk Budidaya Tanaman dengan Naungan dan Tanpa Naungan di Yayasan Bina Sarana Bakti Cisarua Bogor

The Bina Sarana Bakti Foundation (YBSB) implements an organic farming system, which is an agricultural management system with a terrace design with permanent beds that can ecologically (environmentally) improve land quality, provide stable and sustainable yields and income into the future. To provide water for plants so that organic farming can take place throughout the season, both in the rainy season and in the dry season, water reservoirs are built using existing water sources. Utilization of water in the cultivation of organic lettuce at the Bina Sarana Bakti Foundation is carried out with 2-level irrigation hose treatment, namely the interval of providing irrigation water for 3 days and 4 days. Data analysis used t test at 5% real level. The results showed that the theoretical amount of water for lettuce at the Bina Sarana Bakti Foundation was 714 l/bed/season which was almost the same as the actual water use of lettuce with an interval of 3 days of irrigation water including additional liquid fertilizer from rabbit urine. + water in open land in shade is 720 l/bed/season, however, it is much lower than the interval of providing irrigation water for 4 days in open land without shade, namely 4,980 l/bed/season. The production of lettuce in shade with an interval of 3 days of 30.4 kg/bed/season was much greater than the production of lettuce without shade with an interval of 4 days of irrigation water, which was only 24.7 kg/bed/season. The productivity of irrigation water for shaded lettuce with the provision of irrigation water at an interval of 3 days of irrigation is 42.22 kg/m³, much higher and more effective than lettuce without shade with an interval of 4 days of irrigation which is only 4.96 kg/m³. Keywords: irrigation time interval, lettuce plants, no shade, shade, and water productivity.