scholarly journals Comparative morphology of the corpus callosum across the adult lifespan in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Westerhausen ◽  
Anders M. Fjell ◽  
Kristiina Kompus ◽  
Steven J. Schapiro ◽  
Chet Sherwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Range

AbstractThe human corpus callosum exhibits substantial atrophy in old age, which is stronger than what would be predicted from parallel changes in overall brain anatomy. To date, however, it has not been conclusively established whether this accentuated decline represents a common feature of brain aging across species, or whether it is a specific characteristic of the aging human brain. In the present cross-sectional study, we address this question by comparing age-related difference in corpus callosum morphology of chimpanzees and humans. For this purpose, we measured total midsagittal area and regional thickness of the corpus callosum from T1-weighted MRI data from 213 chimpanzees, aged between 9 and 54 years. The results were compared with data drawn from a large-scale human samples which was age-range matched using two strategies: (a) matching by chronological age (human sample size: n = 562), or (b) matching by accounting for differences in longevity and various maturational events between the species (i.e., adjusted human age range: 13.6 to 80.9 years; n = 664). Using generalized additive modelling to fit and compare aging trajectories, we found significant differences between the two species. The chimpanzee aging trajectory compared to the human trajectory was characterized by a slower increase from adolescence to middle adulthood, and by a lack of substantial decline from middle to old adulthood, which, however, was present in humans. Thus, the accentuated decline of the corpus callosum found in aging humans, is not an universal characteristic of the aging brain, and appears to be human-specific.

scholarly journals Corpus callosum morphology across the lifespan in baboons (Papio anubis): a cross-sectional study of relative mid-sagittal surface area and thickness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Westerhausen ◽  
Adrien Meguerditchian
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Age Range

AbstractThe axons forming the corpus callosum enable integration and coordination of cognitive processing between the cerebral hemispheres. In the aging human brain, these functions are affected by progressive axon and myelin deteriorations, which results in a substantial atrophy of the midsagittal corpus callosum in old age. In non-human primates, these degenerative processes are less pronounced as previous morphometric studies on capuchin monkey, rhesus monkeys, and chimpanzees do not find old-age callosal atrophy. The objective of the present study was to extend these previous findings by studying the aging trajectory of the corpus callosum of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) across the lifespan. For this purpose, total relative (to forebrain volume) midsagittal area, subsectional area, and regional thickness of the corpus callosum was assessed in 91 male and female animals using non-invasive MRI-based morphometry. The studied age range was 2.5 to 26.6 years, and the sample included 11 old-age animals (above the age of 20 years). Fitting lifespan trajectories using general additive modelling (GAM) we found that the relative area of the total corpus callosum and the anterior subsection follow a positive linear trajectory. That is, both measures increased slowly but continuously from childhood into old age, and no stagnation of growth or decline was observed in old age. Thus, comparable with all other non-human primates studied to-date, baboons do not show callosal atrophy in old age. This observation lends supports to the notion that atrophy of the corpus callosum is a unique characteristic of human brain aging.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Validity of Self-Reported Hearing Loss in Elderly Taiwanese Individuals: Diagnostic Performance of a Hearing Self-Assessment Questionnaire on Audiometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13215
Author(s):  
Tzong-Hann Yang ◽  
Yuan-Chia Chu ◽  
Yu-Fu Chen ◽  
Meng-Yu Chen ◽  
Yen-Fu Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Hearing Handicap ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

Key Points: Question: Can the traditional Chinese version of the hearing handicap inventory for elderly screening (HHIE-S) checklist screen for age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in elderly individuals? Findings: In this cross-sectional study of 1696 Taiwanese patients who underwent annual government-funded geriatric health checkups, the Chinese version of the HHIE-S had a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 79.8% with a cutoff score greater than 6 for identifying patients with disabled hearing loss (defined as a PTA > 40 dB). Meaning: The traditional Chinese version of the HHIE-S is an effective test to detect ARHL and can improve the feasibility of large-scale hearing screening among elderly individuals. Purpose: The traditional Chinese version of the hearing handicap inventory for elderly screening (TC-HHIE-S) was translated from English and is intended for use with people whose native language is traditional Chinese, but its effectiveness and diagnostic performance are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the traditional Chinese version of the HHIE-S for screening for age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Methods: A total of 1696 elderly people underwent the government’s annual geriatric medical examination at community hospitals. In this cross-sectional study, we recorded average conducted pure-tone averages (PTA) (0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz), age, sex, and HHIE-S data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best critical point for detecting hearing impairment, and the validity of the structure was verified by the agreement between the TC-HHIE-S and PTA results. Results: The HHIE-S scores were correlated with the better-ear pure-tone threshold averages (PTAs) at 0.5–4 kHz (correlation coefficient r = 0.45). The internal consistency of the total HHIE-S score was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.901), and the test-retest reliability was also excellent (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.60, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.75). In detecting disabled hearing loss (i.e., PTA at 0.5–4 kHz > 40 dB), the HHIE-S cutoff score of > 6 had a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 79.8%. Conclusions: The traditional Chinese version of the HHIE-S is a valid, reliable, and efficient tool for large-scale screening for ARHL.

MO621AGE-RELATED PATTERNS OF KIDNEY PARENCHIMAL VOLUME IN T1D, T2D AND DIFFERENT TREATMENT GROUPS OF T2D: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY  OF 35,703 UK BIOBANK PARTICIPANTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Martínez Mora ◽  
Elin Lundström ◽  
Taro Langner ◽  
Paul Hockings ◽  
Lars Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Kidney Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background and Aims Kidney parenchymal volume (KPV) presents a natural variation with respect to sex, age, and body size, and is also affected by diseases such as diabetes. The UK Biobank (UKBB) is a large-scale study including clinical and MRI data. The current project investigated the association between KPV and age in UKBB participants without diabetes and with diabetes type 1 (T1D), and type 2 (T2D). In addition, the effect of different treatments for T2D on KPV was investigated. Method KPV was estimated in 35,703 UKBB participants (52% women, age = 45-82 years) with a deep-learning-based segmentation of both kidneys (Dice = 0.956, error < 4%). The cohort was classified into Control, T1D and T2D subjects using an algorithm developed on UKBB clinical data (Eastwood et al 2016). Individuals with T2D were further divided into groups related to treatment: Lifestyle (no pharmaceuticals, i.e. light treatment, mean disease duration of 6.2 years), Metformin (metformin as the only pharmaceutical, i.e. intermediate treatment, mean disease duration of 8.3 years), and Other (more potent treatment, combination of pharmaceuticals, mean disease duration of 14.1 years). KPV was studied as a function of age in the different groups, divided according to sex. The statistical difference in mean KPV between groups was tested. For each group, the association between KPV and age was assessed by linear regression. Comparison of line slopes was conducted to investigate whether age-related patterns in KPV differed statistically between groups. Results The moving average curve of KPV vs age, in controls and subjects with T1D and T2D, is shown in Fig 1A (with a 15-year sliding window). The corresponding curve for different T2D treatment groups is depicted in Fig 1B. Fig 2A-D presents results for the comparison of KPV and regression line slope between the subject groups. According to Fig 1A and 2A, KPV is usually higher in subjects with T1D and T2D than in controls. As shown in Fig 1B and 2B, T2D subjects with longer disease duration and on pharmaceutical treatment (Metformin or Other) are generally more prone to large KPV than subjects with adapted lifestyle as treatment. The decreasing KPV pattern with age is faster in T2D subjects than controls but not significantly different between T1D subjects and controls (Fig 1A and 2C). Women in group Other also show a pattern of steeper age-related decline in KPV compared to remaining women with T2D treatment (Fig 1B and 2D). Conclusion Compared to controls, T1D subjects show enlarged KPV similar to that of T2D subjects, which is in line with previous literature. Subjects with T2D show a pattern of steeper age-related decline in KPV compared to controls. Female T2D subjects with longer disease duration, usually on a more potent treatment (beyond adaption of lifestyle and metformin as the only pharmaceutical), are more prone to enlarged KPV and exhibit a pattern of steeper age-related decline in KPV. This may be due to hyperfiltration caused by diabetes, resulting in increased kidney size. The normal loss of glomeruli with age could be accelerated by diabetes, leading to a greater loss in KPV per year in diabetics. Steeper KPV decline patterns in disease could also be caused by selection bias where old subjects with large KPV and related complications are less likely to participate in the study.

scholarly journals Influence of schooling on language abilities of adults without linguistic disorders

2009 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Cristina Siqueira Soares ◽  
Karin Zazo Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Language Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Linguistic Performance ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Range

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In order to properly assess language, sociodemographic variables that can influence the linguistic performance of individuals with or without linguistic disorders need to be taken into account. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of schooling and age on the results from the Montreal Toulouse (Modified MT Beta-86) language assessment test among individuals without linguistic disorders. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out between March 2006 and August 2007 in the Speech, Language and Hearing Pathology Department of Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Eighty volunteers were selected. Schooling was stratified into three bands: A (1-4 years), B (5-8 years) and C (nine years and over). The age range was from 17 to 80 years. All the subjects underwent the Montreal Toulouse (Modified MT Beta-86) language assessment protocol. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in relation to schooling levels, in the tasks of oral comprehension, reading, graphical comprehension, naming, lexical availability, dictation, graphical naming of actions and number reading. Statistically significant age-related differences in dictation and lexical availability tasks were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The Montreal Toulouse (Modified MT Beta-86) test seems to be sensitive to variations in schooling and age. These variables should be taken into account when this test is used for assessing patients with brain damage.

scholarly journals Ageing affects subtelomeric DNA methylation in blood cells from a large European population enrolled in the MARK-AGE study

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giulia Bacalini ◽  
Anna Reale ◽  
Marco Malavolta ◽  
Fabio Ciccarone ◽  
María Moreno-Villanueva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
General Population ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
European Population ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rate Of Ageing

AbstractAgeing leaves characteristic traces in the DNA methylation make-up of the genome. However, the importance of DNA methylation in ageing remains unclear. The study of subtelomeric regions could give promising insights into this issue. Previously reported associations between susceptibility to age-related diseases and epigenetic instability at subtelomeres suggest that the DNA methylation profile of subtelomeres undergoes remodelling during ageing. In the present work, this hypothesis has been tested in the context of the European large-scale project MARK-AGE. In this cross-sectional study, we profiled the DNA methylation of chromosomes 5 and 21 subtelomeres, in more than 2000 age-stratified women and men recruited in eight European countries. The study included individuals from the general population as well as the offspring of nonagenarians and Down syndrome subjects, who served as putative models of delayed and accelerated ageing, respectively. Significant linear changes of subtelomeric DNA methylation with increasing age were detected in the general population, indicating that subtelomeric DNA methylation changes are typical signs of ageing. Data also show that, compared to the general population, the dynamics of age-related DNA methylation changes are attenuated in the offspring of centenarian, while they accelerate in Down syndrome individuals. This result suggests that subtelomeric DNA methylation changes reflect the rate of ageing progression. We next attempted to trace the age-related changes of subtelomeric methylation back to the influence of diverse variables associated with methylation variations in the population, including demographics, dietary/health habits and clinical parameters. Results indicate that the effects of age on subtelomeric DNA methylation are mostly independent of all other variables evaluated.

scholarly journals Linear magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the hippocampal formation differ in young versus old dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 185 (10) ◽  
pp. 306-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gardini ◽  
Olivier Taeymans ◽  
Giunio Bruto Cherubini ◽  
Alberta de Stefani ◽  
Mike Targett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mri Studies ◽  
Age Related

Age-related hippocampal formation (HF) atrophy has been documented on MRI studies using volumetric analysis and visual rating scales.This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare linear MRI measurements of the HF between young (1–3 years) and old (>10 years) non-brachycephalic dogs, with normal brain anatomy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Right and left hippocampal formation height (HFH), height of the brain (HB) and mean HFH/HB ratio were measured by two observers on a transverse T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence containing rostral colliculi and mesencephalic aqueduct.119 MRI studies were enrolled: 75 young and 44 old dogs. Left and right HFH were greater (p<0.0001) in young, while HB was greater in old dogs (p=0.024). Mean HFH/HB ratio was 15.66 per cent and 18.30 per cent in old and young dogs (p<0.0001). No differences were found comparing measurements between epileptic and non-epileptic dogs.Old dogs have a greater HB; this may represent the different study populations or a statistical phenomenon. Ageing affects HF linear measurements. A reduction of mean HFH/HB ratio between 18.30 per cent and 15.66 per cent should be considered a physiological age-related process of the canine lifespan. The use of mean HFH/HB ratio could be considered for quantifying brain atrophy in elderly dogs.

scholarly journals The Neural Economics of Brain Aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Kosyakovsky
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Human brain aging is a true spectrum across the population, ranging from minimal changes on the microscopic level to full-blown neurodegenerative disease with accumulation of pathology, neuronal loss, dysfunctional large-scale brain networks, and progressive functional decline. Although much is known about the individual mechanisms involved in brain aging, a convincing framework that ties these highly related processes together is lacking. Herein, using mathematical modeling, I sought to understand decline with brain aging by capturing the essential macro-level processes that shape how a brain changes over the lifetime. I develop ABC (Aging Brain Capital), a simple linear simultaneous-equation model that unites aspects of neuroscience, economics, and thermodynamics to explain the evolution of brain pathology and human brain capital, the infrastructure and processes that underlie brain function, over the lifespan. The results of this model suggest that aging-associated decline in brain function is inevitable, driven by the finite nature of the brain’s pathology-clearance capacity. Furthermore, age-related neurodegenerative diseases can be understood as part of this aging process, explaining the spectrum of pathology and neurodegeneration across the population. I demonstrate that several essential aspects of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) can be likewise explained in this framework incorporating amyloid-tau interaction, the emerging concept that amyloid pathology accelerates tau pathology. The conception of Alzheimer pathogenesis that I present not only explains and unifies the basis for familial AD, primary-age-related tauopathy (PART), and late-onset AD (LOAD), but also reconciles amyloid-centered, tau-centered, and synergistic models of AD. Finally, I describe the possible implications of these results for future therapeutic development across neurodegenerative disease.

Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey among Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2393-PUB
Author(s):  
KENICHIRO TAKAHASHI ◽  
MINORI SHINODA ◽  
RIKA SAKAMOTO ◽  
JUN SUZUKI ◽  
TADASHI YAMAKAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diabetes Survey

Gambling-like video game practices: A cross-sectional study of links with problem gambling and disordered gaming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zendle
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Streaming Services ◽  
Clinically Significant

A variety of practices have recently emerged which are related to both video games and gambling. Most prominent of these are loot boxes. However, a broad range of other activities have recently emerged which are also related to both gambling and video games: esports betting, real-money video gaming, token wagering, social casino play, and watching videos of both loot box opening and gambling on game streaming services like Twitch.Whilst a nascent body of research has established the robust existence of a relationship between loot box spending and both problem gambling and disordered gaming, little research exists which examines whether similar links may exist for the diverse practices outlined above. Furthermore, no research has thus far attempted to estimate the prevalence of these activities.A large-scale survey of a representative sample of UK adults (n=1081) was therefore conducted in order to investigate these issues. Engagement in all measured forms of gambling-like video game practices were significantly associated with both problem gambling and disordered gaming. An aggregate measure of engagement was associated with both these outcomes to a clinically significant degree (r=0.23 and r=0.43). Engagement in gambling-like video game practices appeared widespread, with a 95% confidence interval estimating that 16.3% – 20.9% of the population engaged in these activities at least once in the last year. Engagement in these practices was highly inter-correlated: Individuals who engaged in one practice were likely to engage in several more.Overall, these results suggest that the potential effects of the blurring of lines between video games and gambling should not primarily be understood to be due to the presence of loot boxes in video games. They suggest the existence of a convergent ecosystem of gambling-like video game practices, whose causal relationships with problem gambling and disordered gaming are currently unclear but must urgently be investigated.

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