The soybean (Glycine max L.) cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase multigene family; identification of natural variations for altered cytokinin content and seed yield

AbstractCytokinins (CKs) play a fundamental role in regulating dynamics of organ source/sink relationships during plant development, including flowering and seed formation stages. As a result, CKs are key drivers of seed yield. The cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) is one of the critical enzymes responsible for regulating plant CK levels by causing their irreversible degradation. Variation of CKX gene activity is significantly correlated with seed yield in many crop species while in soybean (Glycine max L.), the possible associations between CKX gene family members (GFMs) and yield parameters have not yet been assessed. In this study, seventeen GmCKX GFMs were identified, and natural variations among GmCKX genes were probed among soybean cultivars with varying yield characteristics. The key CKX genes responsible for regulating CK content during seed filling stages of reproductive development were highlighted using comparative phylogenetics, gene expression analysis and CK metabolite profiling. Five of the seventeen identified GmCKX GFMs, showed natural variations in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The gene GmCKX14, with high expression during critical seed filling stages, was found to have a non-synonymous mutation (H105Q), on one of the active site residues, Histidine 105, previously reported to be essential for co-factor binding to maintain structural integrity of the enzyme. Soybean lines with this mutation had higher CK content and desired yield characteristics. The potential for marker-assisted selection based on the identified natural variation within GmCKX14, is discussed in the context of hormonal control that can result in higher soybean yield.Key MessageNatural variations in soybean cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene, GmCKX14, with high expression during seed development, were linked to increased sink strength via altered cytokinin profiles in high yielding cultivars.

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The soybean ( Glycine max L.) cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase multigene family; Identification of natural variations for altered cytokinin content and seed yield

Plant Direct ◽

10.1002/pld3.308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Hai Ngoc Nguyen ◽

Shrikaar Kambhampati ◽

Anna Kisiala ◽

Mark Seegobin ◽

Robert Joseph Neil Emery

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Multigene Family ◽

Cytokinin Oxidase ◽

Cytokinin Content ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Natural Variations

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Sink-source and sink-sink relations during reproductive development in Lolium perenne L

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v45i4.509 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 505-520

Author(s):

J.W. Warringa ◽

M.J. Marinissen

Keyword(s):

Dry Mass ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Sink Strength ◽

Seed Formation ◽

Seed Filling ◽

Pot Trials ◽

Stem Reserves ◽

Source And Sink ◽

Final Cutting

In greenhouse pot trials, L. perenne cv. Barlet plants were labelled with 13C at regular intervals from main spike emergence onwards in order to identify and measure the activity of source and sink organs during seed formation. The source activity of the various tiller groups within the plant roughly reflected the relative contributions of these groups to total plant dry mass. After anthesis there was little net exchange of 13C-label between the older and younger tiller groups. From main spike emergence onwards the source activity of the leaves of the reproductive tiller declined sharply, from 95% of total tiller photosynthesis to 16% at final cutting. The spike became the main assimilating organ on the flowering tiller as the leaves aged. During anthesis the stem was a stronger sink than the seeds. At final cutting 70% of the label was located in the stem, when fixed during anthesis. Water-soluble carbohydrates accumulated in the stem, forming up to 25% of dry matter. After anthesis the sink strength of the developing seeds increased and that of the stem decreased and the stem remained a net sink organ up to about mid-seed filling. Pre-anthesis assimilates contributed 14% to final seed and spikelet carbon, when correcting for the palea and lemma that are present before anthesis. These results show that the stem is a temporary storage organ that can support seed filling. However, only a small amount of the stem reserves was used by the seeds. In contrast to carbon, nitrogen was largely redistributed from the stem and leaves to the seeds. At final harvest 59% of the nitrogen in the flowering tiller was located in the seeds.

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The Influence of Trifluralin and Pendimethalin on Nodulation, N2(C2H2) Fixation, and Seed Yield of Field-Grown Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500074385 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 15-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Patrick K. Bollich ◽

Edward P. Dunigan ◽

Lynn M. Kitchen ◽

Veronica Taylor

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Reproductive Growth ◽

Seed Formation ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Nodule Number

A field investigation was conducted to determine the influence of pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] and trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] herbicides on soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Centennial’] —Bradyrhizobium japonicumsymbiosis. Pendimethalin and trifluralin applied at rates of 1.1, 1.7, and 2.2 kg ai/ha delayed emergence and injured soybean seedlings grown on an Olivier silt loam. Nodule number, dry weight, and nitrogen (N2) fixation measured by acetylene (C2H2) reduction were decreased by all herbicide rates during the vegetative growth stages in 1984, with occasional decreases in nodulation noted during the late reproductive growth stage. Seedling injury was less severe in 1985 than in 1984, with most injury occurring at 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha for both herbicides. Nodule number and dry weight in 1985 were decreased from vegetative through the early reproductive growth stages with little influence on N2(C2H2) fixation. Inhibitory effects of the herbicides on nodulation and N2(C2H2) fixation did not influence seed formation since seed yield was not affected either year.

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Sink Strength Maintenance Underlies Drought Tolerance in Common Bean

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 489

Author(s):

Amber Hageman ◽

Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Sink Strength ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Seed Filling ◽

Uptake Rates ◽

Determinate Growth ◽

Determinate Growth Habit ◽

Water Limitations ◽

Uptake And Metabolism ◽

Do So

Drought is a major limiter of yield in common bean, decreasing food security for those who rely on it as an important source of protein. While drought can have large impacts on yield by reducing photosynthesis and therefore resources availability, source strength is not a reliable indicator of yield. One reason resource availability does not always translate to yield in common bean is because of a trait inherited from wild ancestors. Wild common bean halts growth and seed filling under drought and awaits better conditions to resume its developmental program. This trait has been carried into domesticated lines, where it can result in strong losses of yield in plants already producing pods and seeds, especially since many domesticated lines were bred to have a determinate growth habit. This limits the plants ability to produce another flush of flowers, even if the first set is aborted. However, some bred lines are able to maintain higher yields under drought through maintaining growth and seed filling rates even under water limitations, unlike their wild predecessors. We believe that maintenance of sink strength underlies this ability, since plants which fill seeds under drought maintain growth of sinks generally, and growth of sinks correlates strongly with yield. Sink strength is determined by a tissue’s ability to acquire resources, which in turn relies on resource uptake and metabolism in that tissue. Lines which achieve higher yields maintain higher resource uptake rates into seeds and overall higher partitioning efficiencies of total biomass to yield. Drought limits metabolism and resource uptake through the signaling molecule abscisic acid (ABA) and its downstream affects. Perhaps lines which maintain higher sink strength and therefore higher yields do so through decreased sensitivity to or production of ABA.

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Effect of varying seeding rates on hybrid and conventional summer rape performance in Manitoba

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps92-079 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 635-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A. E. Van Deynze ◽

P. B. E. McVetty ◽

R. Scarth ◽

S. R. Rimmer

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Oil Content ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Seed Formation ◽

Matter Production

To compare the effects of varying seeding rate on the agronomic performance, phenology and seed quality of hybrid and conventional summer rape cultivars, four hybrid and two conventional summer rape cultivars were seeded at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 9.0 kg ha−1 at two locations for 3 yr. The hybrid cultivars were, very importantly, 24% higher yielding and produced 50% more total dry matter than the conventional cultivars. The hybrid cultivars were, on average, 1.3% lower in seed oil content, 1.0% higher in seed protein content and equal in sum of oil and protein in the seed compared with the conventional cultivars. The hybrid cultivars were on average, 1.3 d later to 50% flowering and 1.1 d later to maturity than the average for the conventional cultivars, (i.e., equal or earlier to flowering and maturity than Regent). The hybrid cultivars were also 3.9% lower in harvest index and 1.3 ppm lower in chlorophyll content than the conventional cultivars. In spite of these differences, there were no significant cultivar-by-seeding-rate interactions, indicating that the hybrid and conventional cultivars responded similarly to varying seeding rate. Lodging, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, harvest index, survival, oil content and protein content displayed significant linear responses to varying seeding rate. Stand at maturity, seed yield and total dry matter production displayed significant linear and quadratic responses to varying seeding rate. Varying seeding rate had no effect on seed formation period, the sum of oil and protein content, or chlorophyll content. A seeding rate of 6 kg ha−1 maximized seed yield for both hybrid and conventional summer rape cultivars.Key words: Brassica napus, canola, seed quality, agronomy, phenology

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Traditional soybean (Glycine max) breeding increases seed yield but reduces yield stability under non-phosphorus supply

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp21116 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhong-Hua Zhang ◽

Jairo A. Palta ◽

Ping Lu ◽

Ming-Jian Ren ◽

Xing-Tao Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Yield Stability

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Effects of Iron and Zinc Spray on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) in Drought Stress

Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova ◽

10.2478/v10298-012-0072-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 23-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. Monjezi ◽

F. Vazin ◽

M. Hassanzadehdelouei

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Yield Components ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Seed Filling ◽

Yield And Yield Components ◽

Iron And Zinc

Abstract In hot and arid regions, drought stress is considered as one of the main reasons for yield reduction. To study the effect of drought stress, iron and zinc spray on the yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was carried out during the crop seasons of 2010 and 2011 on Shahid Salemi Farm in Ahwaz as a split factorial within randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots with irrigation factor and three levels were considered: Level A) full irrigation, Level B) stopping irrigation at pollination step, and Level C) stopping irrigation at the seed filling stage. Subsidiary plots were considered with and without iron and zinc spray. Influencing the seed filling process, in interaction with iron, wich is an important leaf's chlorophyll cation, zinc increased the seed yield. The drought stress reduced the thousand kernels weight (TKW) and the number of seeds per spike increased about 24% and 8.5% more than the one of control treatment, respectively. Using iron, as compared with control treatment, causes the increase of thousand kernels weight from 45.71 to 46.83 grams and the increase of spike from 49.51 to 51.73. Zinc spray increased seed yield and thousand kernels weight. The results obtained from the present research showed that iron and zinc spray has fairly improved the effects caused by drought stress.

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Localized High Expression of Type-A Response Regulator and Cytokinin Oxidase/dehydrogenase Genes in Relation to Forchlorfenuron-induced Changes in Flower Morphology in Torenia fournieri Lind.

Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.2503/jjshs1.82.69 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 69-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tomoya Niki ◽

Taximaimaiti Mahesumu ◽

Tomoko Niki ◽

Takaaki Nishijima

Keyword(s):

Response Regulator ◽

Type A ◽

Flower Morphology ◽

High Expression ◽

Cytokinin Oxidase ◽

Torenia Fournieri ◽

Induced Changes

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Pathogenesis of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Soybean (Glycine max) and Expression of Chimeric Rabies Peptide in Virus-Infected Soybean Plants

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2001.91.10.941 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 91 (10) ◽

pp. 941-947 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nina Fleysh ◽

Deepali Deka ◽

Maria Drath ◽

Hilary Koprowski ◽

Vidadi Yusibov

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Value Added ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Seed Formation ◽

Soybean Plants

Infection of soybean (Glycine max) plants inoculated with particles of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) isolate 425 at 12 days after germination was monitored throughout the life cycle of the plant (vegetative growth, flowering, seed formation, and seed maturation) by western blot analysis of tissue samples. At 8 to 10 days after inoculation, the upper uninoculated leaves showed symptoms of virus infection and accumulation of viral coat protein (CP). Virus CP was detectable in leaves, stem, roots, seedpods, and seed coat up to 45 days postinoculation (dpi), but only in the seedpod and seed coat at 65 dpi. No virus accumulation was detected in embryos and cotyledons at any time during infection, and no seed transmission of virus was observed. Soybean plants inoculated with recombinant AlMV passaged from upper uninoculated leaves of infected plants showed accumulation of full-length chimeric AlMV CP containing rabies antigen in systemically infected leaves and seed coat. These results suggest the potential usefulness of plants and plant viruses as vehicles for producing proteins of biomedical importance in a safe and inexpensive manner. Moreover, even the soybean seed coat, treated as waste tissue during conventional processing for oil and other products, may be utilized for the expression of value-added proteins.

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