scholarly journals Mortality among Adults Ages 25-44 in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Samuel Faust ◽  
Harlan M. Krumholz ◽  
Katherine L. Dickerson ◽  
Zhenqiu Lin ◽  
Cleavon Gilman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Opioid Deaths ◽  
Overdose Deaths

AbstractIntroductionCoronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has caused a marked increase in all-cause deaths in the United States, mostly among adults aged 65 and older. Because younger adults have far lower infection fatality rates, less attention has been focused on the mortality burden of COVID-19 in this demographic.MethodsWe performed an observational cohort study using public data from the National Center for Health Statistics at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and CDC Wonder. We analyzed all-cause mortality among adults ages 25-44 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Further, we compared COVID-19-related deaths in this age group during the pandemic period to all drug overdose deaths and opioid-specific overdose deaths in each of the ten Health and Human Services (HHS) regions during the corresponding period of 2018, the most recent year for which data are available.ResultsAs of September 6, 2020, 74,027 all-cause deaths occurred among persons ages 25-44 years during the period from March 1st to July 31st, 2020, 14,155 more than during the same period of 2019, a 23% relative increase (incident rate ratio 1.23; 95% CI 1.21–1.24), with a peak of 30% occurring in May (IRR 1.30; 95% CI 1.27-1.33). In HHS Region 2 (New York, New Jersey), HHS Region 6 (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas), and HHS Region 9 (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada), COVID-19 deaths exceeded 2018 unintentional opioid overdose deaths during at least one month. Combined, 2,450 COVID-19 deaths were recorded in these three regions during the pandemic period, compared to 2,445 opioid deaths during the same period of 2018.MeaningWe find that COVID-19 has likely become the leading cause of death—surpassing unintentional overdoses—among young adults aged 25-44 in some areas of the United States during substantial COVID-19 outbreaks.NoteThe data presented here have since been updated. As a result, an additional 1,902 all-cause deaths occurring among US adults ages 25-44 during the period of interest are not accounted for in this manuscript.

The Under-Enrollment of HIV-infected Foster Children in Clinical Trials and Protocols and the Need for Corrective State Action

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-249
Author(s):  
Briar McNutt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
State Action ◽  
Pediatric Aids ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Year 2000

The incidence of HIV infection and AIDS in children has grown at an alarming rate. Approximately one million children worldwide have HIV infection. By the year 2000, an estimated ten million children will suffer from the disease. Currently, the United States has a population of an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 HIV-infected children. As of June 30, 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 4,710 known AIDS cases in children twelve years-old and younger. At that point, New York City reported 1,124 pediatric AIDS cases which represented twenty-four percent of all cases in the United States.With the rising number of HIV-infected children, the medical community in the United States has begun to search for HIV-and AIDS-related treatments particularized for children. In addition to establishing guidelines for HIV-infected children's frequent check-ups and timely immunizations, the medical community has initiated research studies involving HIV-infected children.

scholarly journals Anthrax in the United States – summary of cases confirmed by CDC

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Control And Prevention

On the basis of a rigorous case definition (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5041a1.htm), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta has reported 16 confirmed cases of anthrax: two in Florida, four in New York City, five in New Jersey, and five in Washington DC. CDC is also reporting four suspect cases: three in New York City and one in New Jersey. The table below summarises the numbers of cases reported by 30 October 2001 (6pm ET).

scholarly journals Pandemic meets epidemic: Co-location of COVID-19 and drug overdose deaths in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Navya Tripathi ◽  
Nancy Hardt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Overdose Deaths

Drug overdose deaths (DOD) in the last two decades have increased over 300 percent. In 2019 alone, 71,000 deaths represented a 7% increase from the previous year. According to recent data released by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 81,230 overdose deaths occurred in the United States from June 2019 to May 2020, the highest number of DOD recorded in a 12-month period. Early 2020 saw the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, which CDC suggests has amplified the previously alarming rise in drug-related mortalities. A hot spot analysis of COVID-19 and DOD rates, as well as a spatial correlation between the two datasets at the state level on a monthly time step, showed a significant increase in DOD during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, conducted for the period of March through July 2021, showed a spatial correlation between the two types of mortalities in the initial months of 2020. Furthermore, the hot spots for both types of mortalities were concentrated in the northeastern states. The COVID-19 mortalities shifted southeast in July 2020, but DOD data was unavailable for further analysis. Since DOD are a leading contributor to preventable deaths, the results of the study may help focus the efforts of effective and innovative programs to reduce substance use disorder and related mortality through increased access to treatment. During the pandemic, access to such facilities was reduced.

Reframing the Prevention Strategies of the Opioid Crisis: Focusing on Prescription Opioids, Fentanyl, and Heroin Epidemic

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (21;1) ◽  
pp. 309-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Synthetic Opioids ◽  
Opioid Crisis ◽  
Electronic Reporting ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Overdose Deaths

The opioid epidemic has been called the “most consequential preventable public health problem in the United States.” Though there is wide recognition of the role of prescription opioids in the epidemic, evidence has shown that heroin and synthetic opioids contribute to the majority of opioid overdose deaths. It is essential to reframe the preventive strategies in place against the opioid crisis with attention to factors surrounding the illicit use of fentanyl and heroin. Data on opioid overdose deaths shows 42,000 deaths in 2016. Of these, synthetic opioids other than methadone were responsible for over 20,000, heroin for over 15,000, and natural and semisynthetic opioids other than methadone responsible for over 14,000. Fentanyl deaths increased 520% from 2009 to 2016 (increased by 87.7% annually between 2013 and 2016), and heroin deaths increased 533% from 2000 to 2016. Prescription opioid deaths increased by 18% overall between 2009 and 2016. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) mandated reductions in opioid production by 25% in 2017 and 20% in 2018. The number of prescriptions for opioids declined significantly from 252 million in 2013 to 196 million in 2017 (9% annual decline over this period), falling below the number of prescriptions in 2006. In addition, data from 2017 shows significant reductions in the milligram equivalence of morphine by 12.2% and in the number of patients receiving high dose opioids by 16.1%. This manuscript describes the escalation of opioid use in the United States, discussing the roles played by drug manufacturers and distributors, liberalization by the DEA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), licensure boards and legislatures, poor science, and misuse of evidencebased medicine. Moreover, we describe how the influence of pharma, improper advocacy by physician groups, and the promotion of literature considered peer-reviewed led to the explosive use of illicit drugs arising from the issues surrounding prescription opioids. This manuscript describes a 3-tier approach presented to Congress. Tier 1 includes an aggressive education campaign geared toward the public, physicians, and patients. Tier 2 includes facilitation of easier access to non-opioid techniques and the establishment of a National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act (NASPER). Finally, Tier 3 focuses on making buprenorphine more available for chronic pain management as well as for medication-assisted treatment. Key words: Opioid epidemic, fentanyl and heroin epidemic, prescription opioids, National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act (NASPER), Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs)

Dispensing Naloxone Without a Prescription: Survey Evaluation of Ohio Pharmacists

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Thompson ◽  
P. S. S. Rao ◽  
Christopher Hayes ◽  
Catherine Purtill
Keyword(s):  
Social Stigma ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Comfort Perception ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Survey Evaluation ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Overdose Deaths

Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports a 200% escalation in the rate of opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Unfortunately, Ohio has been deemed the epicenter of the nation’s opioid epidemic. In 2015, Ohio passed a bill that permits a pharmacist to distribute naloxone without a prescription. Objectives: This survey was aimed to discover pharmacists’ knowledge of naloxone and Ohio law, perceived barriers that may prohibit naloxone dispensing, and Ohio pharmacists’ general confidence, comfort, perception, and experience dispensing naloxone per physician protocol. Methods: Pharmacists’ knowledge of naloxone and Ohio law pertaining to dispensing naloxone; perceived barriers to naloxone distribution; and overall experience, willingness, comfort, and perceptions of personally supplying naloxone were assessed using multiple-choice and Likert-type scale questions through an e-mail survey. Results: Overall, Ohio pharmacists were knowledgeable about naloxone and displayed confidence in their training and ability to provide patient education on naloxone. Pharmacists were less certain about Ohio law pertaining to naloxone distribution, especially those who have been in practice longer. Pharmacists indicated several barriers to dispensing naloxone and the need for more training. Younger pharmacists were more likely to report a concern with clientele who would frequent their pharmacy and moral and ethical concerns as barriers to dispensing naloxone. Conclusion: Additional educational programs should be delivered to Ohio pharmacists to inform them of the state law and policies. Continuing education programs that review substance abuse and attempt to reduce social stigma may assist with increasing naloxone distribution to those in need, especially, if directed toward younger pharmacists in Ohio.

scholarly journals Effects of New York’s Executive Order on Face Mask Use on COVID-19 Infections and Mortality: A Modeling Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingwang Shen ◽  
Jian Zu ◽  
Christopher K. Fairley ◽  
José A. Pagán ◽  
Bart Ferket ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Mental Hygiene ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Control And Prevention

ABSTRACTBackgroundNew York City (NYC) was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. On April 17, 2020, the State of New York implemented an Executive Order that requires all people in New York to wear a face mask or covering in public settings where social distancing cannot be maintained. It is unclear how this Executive Order has affected the spread of COVID-19 in NYC.MethodsA dynamic compartmental model of COVID-19 transmission among NYC residents was developed to assess the effect of the Executive Order on face mask use on infections and deaths due to COVID-19 in NYC. Data on daily and cumulative COVID-19 infections and deaths were obtained from the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.ResultsThe Executive Order on face mask use is estimated to avert 99,517 (95% CIs: 72,723-126,312) COVID-19 infections and 7,978 (5,692-10,265) deaths in NYC. If the Executive Order was implemented one week earlier (on April 10), the averted infections and deaths would be 111,475 (81,593-141,356) and 9,017 (6,446-11,589), respectively. If the Executive Order was implemented two weeks earlier (on April 3 when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended face mask use), the averted infections and deaths would be 128,598 (94,373-162,824) and 10,515 (7,540-13,489), respectively.ConclusionsNew York’s Executive Order on face mask use is projected to have significantly reduced the spread of COVID-19 in NYC. Implementing the Executive Order at an earlier date would avert even more COVID-19 infections and deaths.

Measles cases will spur US vaccines debate

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
Media Firms

Subject Measles cases and vaccinations in the United States. Significance The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in late May there had been 971 reported cases of measles in 2019, surpassing the previous US record of 963 in 1994. Measles is highly contagious but had been eliminated in the United States in 2000. Now, however, it is back. The current outbreak is particularly affecting parts of New York City and within that, the Orthodox Jewish community. Impacts Social media firms could face government and public pressure further to help with public health campaigns. There will likely be court cases against local governments’ legal moves to compel people to be vaccinated. If vaccination levels do not increase markedly, inroads could be created into the problem by increasing US border health checks.

scholarly journals Alcohol or Benzodiazepine Co-involvement With Opioid Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e202361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco E. Tori ◽  
Marc R. Larochelle ◽  
Timothy S. Naimi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Overdose Deaths

scholarly journals Trends in Intentional and Unintentional Opioid Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2000-2017

JAMA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 322 (23) ◽  
pp. 2340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Olfson ◽  
Lauren M. Rossen ◽  
Melanie M. Wall ◽  
Debra Houry ◽  
Carlos Blanco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Overdose Deaths

scholarly journals The Opioid Epidemic and Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 2000–2016

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-378
Author(s):  
Mónica L. Caudillo ◽  
Andrés Villarreal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unaffected Individual ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Nonmarital Birth ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Overdose Deaths

Abstract The United States has experienced a dramatic rise in opioid addiction and opioid overdose deaths in recent years. We investigate the effect of the opioid epidemic at the local level on nonmarital fertility using aggregate- and individual-level analyses. Opioid overdose death rates and prescriptions per capita are used as indicators of the intensity of the opioid epidemic. We estimate area fixed-effects models to test the effect of the opioid epidemic on nonmarital birth rates obtained from vital statistics for 2000–2016. We find an increase in nonmarital birth rates in communities that experienced a rise in opioid overdose deaths and higher prescription rates. Our analyses also show that the local effect of the opioid epidemic is not driven by a reduction in marriage rates and that marital birth rates are unaffected. Individual-level data from the ACS 2008–2016 are then used to further assess the potential causal mechanisms and to test heterogeneous effects by education and race/ethnicity. Our findings suggest that the opioid epidemic increased nonmarital birth rates through social disruptions primarily affecting unmarried women but not through changes in their economic condition.

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