scholarly journals Grapevine microbiota reflect diversity among compartments and complex interactions within and among root and shoot systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel F. Swift ◽  
Megan E. Hall ◽  
Zachary N. Harris ◽  
Misha T. Kwasniewski ◽  
Allison J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Sour Rot ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Distinct Individual ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

AbstractBackgroundWithin an individual plant, different compartments (e.g. roots, leaves, fruits) host distinct communities of microorganisms due to variation in structural characteristics and resource availability. Grafting, which joins the root system of one individual with the shoot system of a second genetically distinct individual, has the potential to bring the microbial communities of different genotypes together. An important question is the extent to which unique root system and shoot system genotypes, when grafted together, influence the microbiota of the graft partner. Our study sought to answer this question by utilizing an experimental vineyard composed of ‘Chambourcin’ vines growing ungrafted and grafted to three different rootstocks, replicated across three irrigation treatments. We characterized bacterial and fungal communities in roots, leaves, and berries, as well as surrounding soil. Our objectives were to (1) characterize the microbiota of compartments within the root system (roots and adjacent soil) and the shoot system (leaves and berries), (2) determine the influence of rootstock genotypes, irrigation, and their interaction on the microbiota of aboveground and belowground compartments, and (3) investigate the distribution of microorganisms implicated in the late-season grapevine bunch rot disease sour rot (Acetobacterales and Saccharomycetes).ResultsCompartments were significantly differentiated in bacterial and fungal richness and composition. Abundance-based machine learning accurately predicted the compartment and differential abundance analysis showed a large portion of taxa differed significantly across compartments. Rootstock genotypes did not differ significantly in microbial community richness or composition; however, individual microbial taxa exhibited significant differences in abundance based on rootstock and irrigation treatment. The relative abundance of Acetobacterales and Saccharomycetes in the berry was influenced by complex interactions among rootstock genotype and irrigation.ConclusionOur results indicate that grapevine compartments retain distinct core microbiota regardless of the rootstock to which they are grafted. While rootstock genotype generally had a subtle impact on global patterns of microbial diversity, we found associations between rootstock genotypes and specific groups of microorganisms. Further experimental validation is needed in order to understand how associations with these microorganisms impacts a vine’s susceptibility to sour rot upon damage and whether the characteristics of wine are impacted.

scholarly journals Multi-dimensional leaf phenotypes reflect root system genotype in grafted grapevine over the growing season

GigaScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary N Harris ◽  
Mani Awale ◽  
Niyati Bhakta ◽  
Daniel H Chitwood ◽  
Anne Fennell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Distinct Individual ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Ground Effects ◽  
Horticultural Practice ◽  
Broad Understanding

Abstract Background Modern biological approaches generate volumes of multi-dimensional data, offering unprecedented opportunities to address biological questions previously beyond reach owing to small or subtle effects. A fundamental question in plant biology is the extent to which below-ground activity in the root system influences above-ground phenotypes expressed in the shoot system. Grafting, an ancient horticultural practice that fuses the root system of one individual (the rootstock) with the shoot system of a second, genetically distinct individual (the scion), is a powerful experimental system to understand below-ground effects on above-ground phenotypes. Previous studies on grafted grapevines have detected rootstock influence on scion phenotypes including physiology and berry chemistry. However, the extent of the rootstock's influence on leaves, the photosynthetic engines of the vine, and how those effects change over the course of a growing season, are still largely unknown. Results Here, we investigate associations between rootstock genotype and shoot system phenotypes using 5 multi-dimensional leaf phenotyping modalities measured in a common grafted scion: ionomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, morphometrics, and physiology. Rootstock influence is ubiquitous but subtle across modalities, with the strongest signature of rootstock observed in the leaf ionome. Moreover, we find that the extent of rootstock influence on scion phenotypes and patterns of phenomic covariation are highly dynamic across the season. Conclusions These findings substantially expand previously identified patterns to demonstrate that rootstock influence on scion phenotypes is complex and dynamic and underscore that broad understanding necessitates volumes of multi-dimensional data previously unmet.

Phylogenetic and pathogenicity evaluation of the marasmioid fungus Marasmius palmivorus causing fruit bunch rot disease of oil palm

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Maizatul‐Suriza ◽  
Jaabi Suhanah ◽  
Ahmad Zairun Madihah ◽  
Abu Seman Idris ◽  
Hasmah Mohidin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

scholarly journals Brook trout passage performance through culverts

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Goerig ◽  
Theodore Castro-Santos ◽  
Normand Émile Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Passive Integrated Transponder ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Corrugated Metal

Culverts can restrict access to habitat for stream-dwelling fishes. We used passive integrated transponder telemetry to quantify passage performance of >1000 wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) attempting to pass 13 culverts in Quebec under a range of hydraulic and environmental conditions. Several variables influenced passage success, including complex interactions between physiology and behavior, hydraulics, and structural characteristics. The probability of successful passage was greater through corrugated metal culverts than through smooth ones, particularly among smaller fish. Trout were also more likely to pass at warmer temperatures, but this effect diminished above 15 °C. Passage was impeded at higher flows, through culverts with steep slopes, and those with deep downstream pools. This study provides insight on factors influencing brook trout capacity to pass culverts as well as a model to estimate passage success under various conditions, with an improved resolution and accuracy over existing approaches. It also presents methods that could be used to investigate passage success of other species, with implications for connectivity of the riverscape.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Nickel and Lead contaminated soil by Vica faba L. plant and AM fungi Glomus mosseae

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
The South ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
North And South

This study is conducted to determine the activity of plant Vica faba and two isolated from arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (A,B) in bioremediation of soil pollution by Nickel and Lead elements in north and south of Baghdad city. The results showed that the average of soil pollution by Nickel and Lead elements in north of Baghdad was less than the average of soil pollution in the south of Baghdad which recorded 29.0,9.0PPm and 42.0, 25.0PPm respectively. The results show that the isolate A from the polluted soil is more active from isolate B which isolate from unpolluted soil for bioremediation. Vica faba recorded more in accumulate the Lead element in shoot system which was 19.65PPm and in root system was 27.2PPm and for Nickel element 24.65, 27.55PPm in shoot and root respectively.

scholarly journals The emerging contribution of social wasps to grape rot disease ecology

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne A. Madden ◽  
Sean D. Boyden ◽  
Jonathan-Andrew N. Soriano ◽  
Tyler B. Corey ◽  
Jonathan W. Leff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Polistes Dominulus ◽  
Sour Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Grape sour (bunch) rot is a polymicrobial disease of vineyards that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue per year due to decreased quality of grapes and resultant wine. The disease is associated with damaged berries infected with a community of acetic acid bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi that results in rotting berries with high amounts of undesirable volatile acidity. Many insect species cause the initial grape berry damage that can lead to this disease, but most studies have focused on the role of fruit flies in facilitating symptoms and vectoring the microorganisms of this disease complex. Like fruit flies, social wasps are abundant in vineyards where they feed on ripe berries and cause significant damage, while also dispersing yeasts involved in wine fermentation. Despite this, their possible role in disease facilitation and dispersal of grape rots has not been explored. We tested the hypothesis that the paper wasp Polistes dominulus could facilitate grape sour rot in the absence of other insect vectors. Using marker gene sequencing we characterized the bacterial and fungal community of wild-caught adults. We used a sterilized foraging arena to determine if these wasps transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. We then tested if wasps harboring their native microbial community, or those inoculated with sour rot, had an effect on grape sour rot incidence and severity using a laboratory foraging arena. We found that all wasps harbor some portion of the sour rot microbial community and that they have the ability to transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. Foraging by inoculated and uninoculated wasps led to an increase in berry rot disease symptom severity and incidence. Our results indicate that paper wasps can facilitate sour rot diseases in the absence of other vectors and that the mechanism of this facilitation may include both increasing host susceptibility and transmitting these microbial communities to the grapes. Social wasps are understudied but relevant players in the sour rot ecology of vineyards.

scholarly journals Dissecting the effects of nitrate, sucrose and osmotic potential on Arabidopsis root and shoot system growth in laboratory assays

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1595) ◽  
pp. 1489-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roycewicz ◽  
Jocelyn E. Malamy
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
System Size ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
The Impact

Studying the specific effects of water and nutrients on plant development is difficult because changes in a single component can often trigger multiple response pathways. Such confounding issues are prevalent in commonly used laboratory assays. For example, increasing the nitrate concentration in growth media alters both nitrate availability and osmotic potential. In addition, it was recently shown that a change in the osmotic potential of media alters the plant's ability to take up other nutrients such as sucrose. It can also be difficult to identify the initial target tissue of a particular environmental cue because there are correlated changes in development of many organs. These growth changes may be coordinately regulated, or changes in development of one organ may trigger changes in development of another organ as a secondary effect. All these complexities make analyses of plant responses to environmental factors difficult to interpret. Here, we review the literature on the effects of nitrate, sucrose and water availability on root system growth and discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects. We then present experiments that examine the impact of nitrate, sucrose and water on root and shoot system growth in culture using an approach that holds all variables constant except the one under analysis. We found that while all three factors also alter root system size, changes in sucrose and osmotic potential also altered shoot system size. In contrast, we found that, when osmotic effects are controlled, nitrate specifically inhibits root system growth while having no effect on shoot system growth. This effectively decreases the root : shoot ratio. Alterations in root : shoot ratio have been widely observed in response to nitrogen starvation, where root growth is selectively increased, but the present results suggest that alterations in this ratio can be triggered across a wide spectrum of nitrate concentrations.

Unravelling the complex interactions between root development and soil moisture profiles in the soil-root-system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Cynthia Maan ◽  
Marie-claire ten Veldhuis ◽  
Bas van de Wiel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root System ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Typical Behaviour ◽  
Moisture Profiles ◽  
Insight Into

<p>We  study  the coupled  action of  water  uptake  and root  development  of  maize  in Rhizotrons under greenhouse conditions. Questions we aim to answer are: What is the effect of a vertical soil moisture gradient on the root growth? How does the root structure in turn influence soil moisture? Do constant  irrigation  quantities and depths eventually lead  to  constant  root  distributions and soil moisture profiles?</p><p>We apply highly controlled subsurface irrigation schemes in potting soil-sand mixtures and measure the real-time response of the interdepending soil moisture fields and root structures.</p><p>Following a top-down approach, in which the overall behaviour of the coupled system is carefully investigated and described, we aim to unravel the complex soil-root-interaction system. Looking at the occurrence of steady states and continuities sheds light on the type of the underlying feedback loops, which in turn provides insight into the fundamental processes that underlie the typical behaviour. We are particularly interested in trade-offs between the development of rooting depth and rooting density (including its dependency on soil moisture profiles) and the coupled effect of roots and root structures on the infiltration capacity of the soil-root-system. Preliminary results suggest the possibility of an enhancing feedback loop between these processes. </p><p>The next step will be to develop a numerical model that incorporates the interactions that were identified experimentally. The model will allow us to study the behavior and sensitivities of the system in more detail.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Occurrence of Bunch Rot Disease Caused by Aspergillus tubingensis on Shine Muscat Grape

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Soo Kim ◽  
Hyeok Tae Kwon ◽  
Seung-Beom Hong ◽  
Yongho Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Tubingensis ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

scholarly journals Root system influence on high dimensional leaf phenotypes over the grapevine growing season

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary N. Harris ◽  
Laura L. Klein ◽  
Mani Awale ◽  
Joel F. Swift ◽  
Zoë Migicovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
List Type ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Scale Data ◽  
Broad Understanding

SummaryIn many perennial crops, grafting the root system of one individual to the shoot system of another individual has become an integral part of propagation performed at industrial scales to enhance pest, disease, and stress tolerance and to regulate yield and vigor. Grafted plants offer important experimental systems for understanding the extent and seasonality of root system effects on shoot system biology.Using an experimental vineyard where a common scion ‘Chambourcin’ is growing ungrafted and grafted to three different rootstocks, we explore associations between root system genotype and leaf phenotypes in grafted grapevines across a growing season. We quantified five high-dimensional leaf phenotyping modalities: ionomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, morphometrics, and physiology and show that rootstock influence is subtle but ubiquitous across modalities.We find strong signatures of rootstock influence on the leaf ionome, with unique signatures detected at each phenological stage. Moreover, all phenotypes and patterns of phenotypic covariation were highly dynamic across the season.These findings expand upon previously identified patterns to suggest that the influence of root system on shoot system phenotypes is complex and broad understanding necessitates volumes of high-dimensional, multi-scale data previously unmet.

scholarly journals Weed Management, Training, and Irrigation Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry: III. Accumulation and Removal of Aboveground Biomass, Carbon, and Nutrients

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Dixon ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Dry Biomass

Relatively little is known about aboveground nutrient content of organic blackberry, and there is no published work on total carbon (C) content. Treatment effects on biomass, C, and nutrient content, accumulation, and removal were assessed over 2 years in a mature organic trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus, Watson) production system that was machine harvested for the processed market. Treatments included two irrigation options (no irrigation after harvest and continuous summer irrigation), three weed management strategies (weed mat, hand-weeded, and nonweeded), and two primocane training times (August and February) in two cultivars (Black Diamond and Marion). Floricanes comprised an average of 45% of the total aboveground plant dry biomass, while primocanes and fruit comprised 30% and 25%, respectively. Depending on the treatment, the total aboveground dry biomass accumulation over the course of the season was 5.0–6.5 t·ha−1 per year, while C stock of the planting was an estimated 0.4–1.1 t·ha−1 in late winter. Carbon accounted for ≈50% of the dry biomass of each aboveground plant part, including primocanes, floricanes, and fruit. Weed management had the largest impact on plant biomass and nutrient content. No weed control reduced aboveground dry biomass, the content of nutrients in the primocanes, floricanes, and fruit, and the annual accumulation of dry biomass and nutrients, whereas use of weed mat resulted in the most dry biomass and nutrient content. Nutrient accumulation was similar between the cultivars, although February-trained ‘Marion’ plants had a greater removal of most nutrients in 2014 than the year prior. The amount of nitrogen (N) removed in the fruit was 22, 18, and 12 kg·ha−1 for weed mat, hand-weeded, and nonweeded plots, respectively, in 2013. In 2014, ‘Marion’ and ‘Black Diamond’ differed in N removed in harvested fruit when grown with weed mat at 18 and 24 kg·ha−1, respectively, whereas there was no cultivar effect when plants were grown in hand-weeded or nonweeded plots. Plots with weed mat tended to have the most nutrients removed through harvested fruit in both years. In 2014, N removal from August-trained ‘Marion’ was 5 kg·ha−1 N less than the other training time and cultivar combinations. Plants that were irrigated throughout the summer accumulated more dry biomass, N, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), and copper in one or both years than those that received no irrigation after fruit harvest. The irrigation treatment had inconsistent effects on nutrient content of each individual plant part between the two years. Removal of nutrients was often higher than what was applied through fertilization, especially for N, K, and B, which would eventually lead to depletion of those nutrients in the planting.

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