scholarly journals A motion aftereffect from viewing other people’s gaze

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Randall ◽  
Arvid Guterstam
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Motion Adaptation ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Subsequent Motion ◽  
Motion Aftereffects

SummaryRecent work suggests that our brains may generate subtle, false motion signals streaming from other people to the objects of their attention, aiding social cognition. For instance, brief exposure to static images depicting other people gazing at objects made subjects slower at detecting subsequent motion in the direction of gaze, suggesting that looking at someone else’s gaze caused a directional motion adaptation. Here we confirm, using a more stringent method, that viewing static images of another person gazing in a particular direction, at an object, produced motion aftereffects in the opposite direction. The aftereffect was manifested as a change in perceptual decision threshold for detecting left versus right motion. The effect disappeared when the person was looking away from the object. These findings suggest that the attentive gaze of others is encoded as an implied agent-to-object motion that is sufficiently robust to cause genuine motion aftereffects, though subtle enough to remain subthreshold.

Local and Global Properties of Motion Aftereffects

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 170-170
Author(s):  
N J Wade ◽  
V Pardieu ◽  
M T Swanston
Keyword(s):  
Vision Research ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Test Display ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Local Motion ◽  
Motion Adaptation ◽  
Global Properties ◽  
Differential Adaptation ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Motion Aftereffects

The local motion adaptation at the basis of the motion aftereffect (MAE) can be expressed in a variety of ways, depending upon the structure of the test display (N J Wade, L Spillmann, M T Swanston Vision Research in press). This has been demonstrated with MAEs from induced motion: if adaptation is to two moving (Surround) gratings, an MAE is seen in the central grating if two gratings surround it, but in the flanking gratings when they are themselves surrounded in the test stimulus. We report two experiments in which the characteristics of the test display and of the local adaptation process have been examined. In experiment 1, five vertical gratings were presented during adaptation; the outermost and central gratings remained stationary and those flanking the centre moved laterally. The test display always consisted of three stationary gratings: either the central three or the lower three equivalent to the locations of the adaptation display. MAEs were only recorded in the Centre and not in the Surround, irrespective of whether the Centre or Surround had been exposed to motion during adaptation. MAEs in the Centre were in opposite directions, reflecting the influence of Surround adaptation. The influence of adapting motion in different directions was examined in experiment 2. The upper grating always received the same direction of motion during adaptation, and the lower grating was absent, stationary, or moving in the same or in the opposite direction. The results indicate that an MAE is visible in the upper grating only after differential adaptation between the upper and lower gratings.

Apparent Velocity of Motion Aftereffects in Central and Peripheral Vision

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Wright
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Apparent Velocity ◽  
Real Motion ◽  
Temporal Decay ◽  
Spatial Grain ◽  
Motion Aftereffects

Adapting to a drifting grating (temporal frequency 4 Hz, contrast 0.4) in the periphery gave rise to a motion aftereffect (MAE) when the grating was stopped. A standard unadapted foveal grating was matched to the apparent velocity of the MAE, and the matching velocity was approximately constant regardless of the visual field position and spatial frequency of the adapting grating. On the other hand, when the MAE was measured by nulling with real motion of the test grating, nulling velocity was found to increase with eccentricity. The nulling velocity was constant when scaled to compensate for changes in the spatial ‘grain’ of the visual field. Thus apparent velocity of MAE is constant across the visual field, but requires a greater velocity of real motion to cancel it in the periphery. This confirms that the mechanism underlying MAE is spatially-scaled with eccentricity, but temporally homogeneous. A further indication of temporal homogeneity is that when MAE is tracked, by matching or by nulling, the time course of temporal decay of the aftereffect is similar for central and for peripheral stimuli.

scholarly journals The Perceived Direction of Textured Gratings and Their Motion Aftereffects

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1383-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Alais ◽  
Maarten J van der Smagt ◽  
Frans A J Verstraten ◽  
Wim A van de Grind
Keyword(s):  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Circular Aperture ◽  
High Luminance ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Aperture Problem ◽  
Motion Energy ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Do So

The stimuli in these experiments are square-wave luminance gratings with an array of small random dots covering the high-luminance regions. Owing to the texture, the direction of these gratings, when seen through a circular aperture, is disambiguated because the visual system is provided with an unambiguous motion energy. Thus, the direction of textured gratings can be varied independently of grating orientation. When subjects are required to judge the direction of textured gratings moving obliquely relative to their orientation, they can do so accurately (experiment 1). This is of interest because most studies of one-dimensional motion perception have involved (textureless) luminance-defined sine-wave or square-wave gratings, and the perceived direction of these gratings is constrained by the aperture problem to be orthogonal to their orientation. Thus, direction and orientation have often been confounded. Interestingly, when subjects are required to judge the direction of an obliquely moving textured grating during a period of adaptation and then the direction of the motion aftereffect (MAE) immediately following adaptation (experiments 2 and 3), these directions are not directly opposite each other. MAE directions were always more orthogonal to the orientation of the adapting grating than the corresponding direction judgments during adaptation (by as much as 25°). These results are not readily explained by conventional MAE models and possible accounts are considered.

scholarly journals Grounding Action Descriptions in Videos

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Regneri ◽  
Marcus Rohrbach ◽  
Dominikus Wetzel ◽  
Stefan Thater ◽  
Bernt Schiele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Static Images

Recent work has shown that the integration of visual information into text-based models can substantially improve model predictions, but so far only visual information extracted from static images has been used. In this paper, we consider the problem of grounding sentences describing actions in visual information extracted from videos. We present a general purpose corpus that aligns high quality videos with multiple natural language descriptions of the actions portrayed in the videos, together with an annotation of how similar the action descriptions are to each other. Experimental results demonstrate that a text-based model of similarity between actions improves substantially when combined with visual information from videos depicting the described actions.

When and How Implicit First Impressions Can Be Updated

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Ferguson ◽  
Thomas C. Mann ◽  
Jeremy Cone ◽  
Xi Shen
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Social World ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Real People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Human perceivers continually react to the social world implicitly —that is, spontaneously and rapidly. Earlier research suggested that implicit impressions of other people are slower to change than self-reported impressions in the face of contradictory evidence, often leaving them miscalibrated from what one learns to be true. Recent work, however, has identified conditions under which implicit impressions can be rapidly updated. Here, we review three lines of work showing that implicit impressions are responsive to information that is highly diagnostic, believable, or reframes earlier experience. These findings complement ongoing research on mechanisms of changing implicit impressions in a wider variety of groups, from real people to robots, and provide support for theoretical frameworks that embrace greater unity in the factors that can impact implicit and explicit social cognition.

scholarly journals Velocity Dependence of the Interocular Transfer of Dynamic Motion Aftereffects

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3442 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Tao ◽  
Martin J M Lankheet ◽  
Wim A van de Grind ◽  
Richard J A van Wezel
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Adaptation Stimulus ◽  
Motion Adaptation ◽  
Pixel Array ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Measured Strength

It is well established that motion aftereffects (MAEs) can show interocular transfer (IOT); that is, motion adaptation in one eye can give a MAE in the other eye. Different quantification methods and different test stimuli have been shown to give different IOT magnitudes, varying from no to almost full IOT. In this study, we examine to what extent IOT of the dynamic MAE (dMAE), that is the MAE seen with a dynamic noise test pattern, varies with velocity of the adaptation stimulus. We measured strength of dMAE by a nulling method. The aftereffect induced by adaptation to a moving random-pixel array was compensated (nulled), during a brief dynamic test period, by the same kind of motion stimulus of variable luminance signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR). The LSNR nulling value was determined in a Quest-staircase procedure. We found that velocity has a strong effect on the magnitude of IOT for the dMAE. For increasing speeds from 1.5 deg s−1 to 24 deg s−1 average IOT values increased about linearly from 18% to 63% or from 32% to 83%, depending on IOT definition. The finding that dMAEs transfer to an increasing extent as speed increases, suggests that binocular cells play a more dominant role at higher speeds.

Motion Aftereffect: A Global Mechanism for the Perception of Rotation

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Olga Eizner Favreau
Keyword(s):  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Test Figure ◽  
Spiral Motion ◽  
Logarithmic Spirals ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Storage Properties

Observers adapted to motion by looking at rotating logarithmic spirals. They were tested with a stationary mirror image of the adapting spiral in which all contours were at 90° to those of the first spiral. Motion aftereffects were reported in the contrarotational direction—that is, observers who had seen clockwise rotating motion reported seeing counterclockwise aftereffects. These aftereffects lasted one-third as long as the aftereffects obtained when the adapting spiral was used as the test figure. These two aftereffects were shown to have different storage properties, thereby indexing the operation of at least two different mechanisms. We interpret the motion aftereffect that is obtained with the mirror-image stimulus as indicative of the existence of global rotation detectors.

Psychophysical Evidence for an Extrastriate Contribution to a Pattern-Selective Motion Aftereffect

Perception ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wenderoth ◽  
Rohan Bray ◽  
Syren Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Pattern Motion ◽  
Component Motion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Vertical Test

A stationary vertical test grating appears to drift to the left after adaptation to an inducing grating drifting to the right, this being known as the motion aftereffect (MAE). Pattern-specific motion aftereffects (PSMAEs) induced by superimposed pairs of gratings in which the component gratings drift up and down but the observer sees a single coherent plaid drifting to the right have been investigated. Two experiments are reported in which it is demonstrated that the PSMAE is tuned more to the motion of the pattern than to the orientation and direction of motion of the component gratings. However, when subjects adapt to the component gratings in alternation, aftereffect magnitude is dependent upon the individual grating orientations and motion directions. These results can be interpreted in terms of extrastriate contributions to the PSMAE, possibly arising from the middle temporal area, where some cells, unlike those in striate cortex (V1), are tuned to pattern motion rather than to component motion.

scholarly journals Type of Featural Attention Differentially Modulates hMT+ Responses to Illusory Motion Aftereffects

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 3016-3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Castelo-Branco ◽  
Lajos R. Kozak ◽  
Elia Formisano ◽  
João Teixeira ◽  
João Xavier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Real Surface ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Real Motion ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Color Features ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Global Activity

Activity in the human motion complex (hMT+/V5) is related to the perception of motion, be it either real surface motion or an illusion of motion such as apparent motion (AM) or motion aftereffect (MAE). It is a long-lasting debate whether illusory motion-related activations in hMT+ represent the motion itself or attention to it. We have asked whether hMT+ responses to MAEs are present when shifts in arousal are suppressed and attention is focused on concurrent motion versus nonmotion features. Significant enhancement of hMT+ activity was observed during MAEs when attention was focused either on concurrent spatial angle or color features. This observation was confirmed by direct comparison of adapting (MAE inducing) versus nonadapting conditions. In contrast, this effect was diminished when subjects had to report on concomitant speed changes of superimposed AM. The same finding was observed for concomitant orthogonal real motion (RM), suggesting that selective attention to concurrent illusory or real motion was interfering with the saliency of MAE signals in hMT+. We conclude that MAE-related changes in the global activity of hMT+ are present provided selective attention is not focused on an interfering feature such as concurrent motion. Accordingly, there is a genuine MAE-related motion signal in hMT+ that is neither explained by shifts in arousal nor by selective attention.

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