scholarly journals Interactions Between SQUAMOSA and SVP MADS-box Proteins Regulate Meristem Transitions During Wheat Spike Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Li ◽  
Juan M. Debernardi ◽  
Chengxia Li ◽  
Huiqiong Lin ◽  
Chaozhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
Wheat Spike

ABSTRACTA better understanding of spike development can contribute to improving wheat productivity. MADS-box genes VRN1 and FUL2 (SQUAMOSA-clade) play critical and redundant roles in wheat spike and spikelet development, where they act as repressors of MADS-box genes of the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) clade (VRT2, SVP1 and SVP3). Here, we show that wheat vrt2 svp1 mutants are late flowering, have shorter stems, increased number of spikelets per spike and unusual axillary inflorescences in nodes of the elongating stem. Constitutive expression of VRT2 resulted in leafy glumes and lemmas, reversion of basal spikelets to spikes, and down-regulation of MADS-genes involved in floral development. Moreover, constitutive expression of VRT2 enhanced spikelet defects of ful2, whereas vrt2 reduced vegetative characteristics in the spikelets of vrn1 ful2 mutants heterozygous for VRN-A1. These SVP-SQUAMOSA genetic interactions were paralleled by physical interactions among their encoded proteins. SVP proteins were able to reduce SQUAMOSA-SEPALLATA interactions in yeast-three-hybrid experiments. We propose that SQUAMOSA-SVP complexes act during the early reproductive phase to promote heading, formation of the terminal spikelet, and stem elongation, but that down-regulation of SVP genes is then necessary for the formation of SQUAMOSA-SEPALLATA complexes that are required for normal spikelet and floral development.

scholarly journals MADS-box genes are involved in floral development and evolution.

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Saedler ◽  
A Becker ◽  
K U Winter ◽  
C Kirchner ◽  
G Theissen
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

MADS-box genes encode transcription factors in all eukaryotic organisms thus far studied. Plant MADS-box proteins contain a DNA-binding (M), an intervening (I), a Keratin-like (K) and a C-terminal C-domain, thus plant MADS-box proteins are of the MIKC type. In higher plants most of the well-characterized genes are involved in floral development. They control the transition from vegetative to generative growth and determine inflorescence meristem identity. They specify floral organ identity as outlined in the ABC model of floral development. Moreover, in Antirrhinum majus the MADS-box gene products DEF/GLO and PLE control cell proliferation in the developing flower bud. In this species the DEF/GLO and the SQUA proteins form a ternary complex which determines the overall "Bauplan" of the flower. Phylogenetic reconstructions of MADS-box sequences obtained from ferns, gymnosperms and higher eudicots reveal that, although ferns possess already MIKC type genes, these are not orthologous to the well characterized MADS-box genes from gymnosperms or angiosperms. Putative orthologs of floral homeotic B- and C-function genes have been identified in different gymnosperms suggesting that these genes evolved some 300-400 million years ago. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms also contain a hitherto unknown sister clade of the B-genes, which we termed Bsister. A novel hypothesis will be described suggesting that B and Bsister might be involved in sex determination of male and female reproductive organs, respectively.

scholarly journals K-Domain Technology: Constitutive Expression of a Blueberry Keratin-Like Domain Mimics Expression of Multiple MADS-Box Genes in Enhancing Maize Grain Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-qing Song ◽  
Xue Han
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Target Dna ◽  
Maize Grain

MADS-box genes are considered as the foundation of all agronomic traits because they play essential roles in almost every aspect of plant reproductive development. Keratin-like (K) domain is a conserved protein domain of tens of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in plants. K-domain technology constitutively expresses a K-domain to mimic expression of the K-domains of other MADS-box genes simultaneously and thus to generate new opportunities for yield enhancement, because the increased K-domains can likely prevent MADS-domain proteins from binding to target DNA. In this study, we evaluated utilizing the K-domain technology to increase maize yield. The K-domain of a blueberry’s SUPPRESSOR of CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (VcSOC1K) has similarities to five MADS-box genes in maize. Transgenic maize plants expressing the VcSOC1K showed 13–100% of more grain per plant than the nontransgenic plants in all five experiments conducted under different experimental conditions. Transcriptome comparisons revealed 982 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves from 83-day old plants, supporting that the K-domain technology were powerful and multiple functional. The results demonstrated that constitutive expression of the VcSOC1K was very effective to enhance maize grain production. With the potential of mimicking the K-domains of multiple MADS-box genes, the K-domain technology opens a new approach to increase crop yield.

scholarly journals Evolution and function of MADS-box genes involved in orchid floral development

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Chieh TSAI ◽  
Zhao-Jun PAN ◽  
Yu-Yun HSIAO ◽  
Li-Jun CHEN ◽  
Zhong-Jian LIU
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Constitutive Expression of an Apple FLC3-like Gene Promotes Flowering in Transgenic Blueberry under Nonchilling Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Zong ◽  
Yugang Zhang ◽  
Aaron Walworth ◽  
Elise M. Tomaszewski ◽  
Pete Callow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Mads Box Gene

MADS-box transcription factors FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and APETALA1 (AP1)/CAULIFLOWER (CAL) have an opposite effect in vernalization-regulated flowering in Arabidopsis. In woody plants, a functional FLC-like gene has not been verified through reverse genetics. To reveal chilling-regulated flowering mechanisms in woody fruit crops, we conducted phylogenetic analysis of the annotated FLC-like proteins of apple and found that these proteins are grouped more closely to Arabidopsis AP1 than the FLC group. An FLC3-like MADS-box gene from columnar apple trees (Malus domestica) (MdFLC3-like) was cloned for functional analysis through a constitutive transgenic expression. The MdFLC3-like shows 88% identity to pear’s FLC-like genes and 82% identity to blueberry’s CAL1 gene (VcCAL1). When constitutively expressed in a highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivar ‘Legacy’, the MdFLC3-like induced expressions of orthologues of three MADS-box genes, including APETALA1, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1, and CAL1. As a consequence, in contrast to the anticipated late flowering associated with an overexpressed FLC-like, the MdFLC3-like promoted flowering of transgenic blueberry plants under nonchilling conditions where nontransgenic ‘Legacy’ plants could not flower. Thus, the constitutively expressed MdFLC3-like in transgenic blueberries functioned likely as a blueberry’s VcCAL1. The results are anticipated to facilitate future studies for revealing chilling-mediated flowering mechanisms in woody plants.

scholarly journals Wheat VRN1, FUL2 and FUL3 play critical and redundant roles in spikelet development and spike determinacy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengxia Li ◽  
Huiqiong Lin ◽  
Andrew Chen ◽  
Meiyee Lau ◽  
Judy Jernstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Unit ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Ridge Structure ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Summary Statement

ABSTRACTThe spikelet is the basic unit of the grass inflorescence. In this study, we show that wheat MADS-box genes VRN1, FUL2 and FUL3 play critical and redundant roles in spikelet and spike development, and also affect flowering time and plant height. In the vrn1ful2ful3-null triple mutant, the inflorescence meristem formed a normal double-ridge structure, but then the lateral meristems generated vegetative tillers subtended by leaves instead of spikelets. These results suggest an essential role of these three genes in the determination of spikelet meristem identity and the suppression of the lower ridge. Inflorescence meristems of vrn1ful2ful3-null and vrn1ful2-null remained indeterminate and single vrn1-null and ful2-null mutants showed delayed formation of the terminal spikelet and increased number of spikelets per spike. Moreover, the ful2-null mutant showed more florets per spikelet, which together with a higher number of spikelets, resulted in a significant increase in the number of grains per spike in the field. Our results suggest that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying wheat spikelet and spike development can inform future strategies to improve grain yield in wheat.SUMMARY STATEMENTThe wheat MADS-box proteins VRN1, FUL2 and FUL3 play critical and overlapping roles in the development of spikelets, which are the basic unit of all grass inflorescences.

scholarly journals Dissecting the role of MADS-box genes in monocot floral development and diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2435-2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Callens ◽  
Matthew R Tucker ◽  
Dabing Zhang ◽  
Zoe A Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of the MADS-Box Transcription Factor Family in Solanum lycopersicum

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunshu Wang ◽  
Jianling Zhang ◽  
Zongli Hu ◽  
Xuhu Guo ◽  
Shibing Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Mads Box Gene

MADS-box family genes encode transcription factors that are involved in multiple developmental processes in plants, especially in floral organ specification, fruit development, and ripening. However, a comprehensive analysis of tomato MADS-box family genes, which is an important model plant to study flower fruit development and ripening, remains obscure. To gain insight into the MADS-box genes in tomato, 131 tomato MADS-box genes were identified. These genes could be divided into five groups (Mα, Mβ, Mγ, Mδ, and MIKC) and were found to be located on all 12 chromosomes. We further analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among Arabidopsis and tomato, as well as the protein motif structure and exon–intron organization, to better understand the tomato MADS-box gene family. Additionally, owing to the role of MADS-box genes in floral organ identification and fruit development, the constitutive expression patterns of MADS-box genes at different stages in tomato development were identified. We analyzed 15 tomato MADS-box genes involved in floral organ identification and five tomato MADS-box genes related to fruit development by qRT-PCR. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the tomato MADS-box genes and would be valuable for the further functional characterization of some important members of the MADS-box gene family.

scholarly journals Duplication and Diversification in the APETALA1/FRUITFULL Floral Homeotic Gene Lineage: Implications for the Evolution of Floral Development

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 821-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Litt ◽  
Vivian F Irish
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Core Eudicots ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Angiosperm Species

Abstract Phylogenetic analyses of angiosperm MADS-box genes suggest that this gene family has undergone multiple duplication events followed by sequence divergence. To determine when such events have taken place and to understand the relationships of particular MADS-box gene lineages, we have identified APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like MADS-box genes from a variety of angiosperm species. Our phylogenetic analyses show two gene clades within the core eudicots, euAP1 (including Arabidopsis APETALA1 and Antirrhinum SQUAMOSA) and euFUL (including Arabidopsis FRUITFULL). Non-core eudicot species have only sequences similar to euFUL genes (FUL-like). The predicted protein products of euFUL and FUL-like genes share a conserved C-terminal motif. In contrast, predicted products of members of the euAP1 gene clade contain a different C terminus that includes an acidic transcription activation domain and a farnesylation signal. Sequence analyses indicate that the euAP1 amino acid motifs may have arisen via a translational frameshift from the euFUL/FUL-like motif. The euAP1 gene clade includes key regulators of floral development that have been implicated in the specification of perianth identity. However, the presence of euAP1 genes only in core eudicots suggests that there may have been changes in mechanisms of floral development that are correlated with the fixation of floral structure seen in this clade.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of the MADS-Box Gene Family in Maize: Gene Structure, Evolution, and Relationships

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956
Author(s):  
Da Zhao ◽  
Zheng Chen ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
Quan Zou
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Mads Box Gene

The MADS-box gene family is one of the largest families in plants and plays an important roles in floral development. The MADS-box family includes the SRF-like domain and K-box domain. It is considered that the MADS-box gene family encodes a DNA-binding domain that is generally related to transcription factors, and plays important roles in regulating floral development. Our study identified 211 MADS-box protein sequences in the Zea mays proteome and renamed all the genes based on the gene annotations. All the 211 MADS-box protein sequences were coded by 98 expressed genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the MADS-box genes showed that all the family members were categorized into five subfamilies: MIKC-type, Mα, Mβ, Mγ, and Mδ. Gene duplications are regarded as products of several types of errors during the period of DNA replication and reconstruction; in our study all the 98 MADS-box genes contained 22 pairs of segmentally duplicated events which were distributed on 10 chromosomes. We compared expression data in different tissues from the female spikelet, silk, pericarp aleurone, ear primordium, leaf zone, vegetative meristem, internode, endosperm crown, mature pollen, embryo, root cortex, secondary root, germination kernels, primary root, root elongation zone, and root meristem. According to analysis of gene ontology pathways, we found a total of 41 pathways in which MADS-box genes in maize are involved. All the studies we conducted provided an overview of MADS-box gene family members in maize and showed multiple functions as transcription factors. The related research of MADS-box domains has provided the theoretical basis of MADS-box domains for agricultural applications.

The Roles of MADS-Box Genes During Orchid Floral Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-115
Author(s):  
Jian-Zhi Huang ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
I-Chun Pan ◽  
Fure-Chyi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes
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